<p>Gavria  is a former community in the Arta regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Arta, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 379 .</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
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<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Croydon Police Station is a heritage-listed former police station at Samwell Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1899. It is also known as Former Police Station and Residence. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>European settlement in Croydon commenced following the discovery of gold bearing reefs in the area in about 1885. At first, ore was crushed at the Etheridge field with facilities in Croydon established by the end of 1886 causing a rapid influx of prospectors. A town grew up around the gold field and the initial survey plans included a Police Reserve. The first police station was erected during 1886 for a cost of £196 and a court house incorporating offices for a mining warden and mining registrar was completed in the following year. By 1889 a lock-up, additional cells and stables were added to the Police Reserve.</p><br>
<p>As Croydon developed, the initial police and justice facilities were replaced with larger buildings. In 1896, local contractor James Lancaster constructed a large timber building for use as police barracks (now known as the former police station). In 1897 further cells were constructed. A residence for the Officer-In-Charge was completed in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The gold reef discovered at Croydon was exhausted by 1907 and development within the town waned. The police service continued at Croydon and repairs and repainting was undertaken at the police complex in 1911. Further work was conducted in 1937 when the barracks, now too large for the small number of officers serving in Croydon, was cut into sections and only a small section of the original barracks was retained as a police station. The kitchen of the barracks was removed for use as a tracker&#39;s quarters. The remainder of the building was sold as timber. Correspondence between the Croydon station and the Inspector of Police in Cairns suggests that the "decline of Croydon" since the initial boom period was the reason for the dismantling and removal of part of the original police barracks. The population of Croydon in 1937 was 250.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 the verandahs of both the police station and the police residence were made fly proof with the addition of timber battening and fly screens. The trackers quarters were restumped at this time. Although the 1889 lockup was retained in the reduced complex, it was reclad.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 a police report of the police residence described the building as having three bedrooms, dining and sitting room, kitchen, pantry, bathrooms and verandah.</p><br>
<p>New police buildings were constructed at the rear of the police reserve in 1977 and the nineteenth century buildings were vacated but not removed from the site. The Minister of Lands gave permission to the National Trust of Queensland to occupy the early buildings in 1982. More recently, the Croydon Shire Council has used the police station as a library and museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Croydon Police Station is located on the corner of Samwell and Alldridge Streets, Croydon. The site is one of a number of public buildings within the main street of Croydon, and is adjacent to the Court House, and near the Shire Hall.</p><br>
<p>The site comprises a number of simple timber buildings, including the police residence at the corner of the streets, the police station to the west of this with frontage to Samwell Street and cells to the rear, south of the police station.</p><br>
<p>The former police station, originally constructed as police barracks and following dismantling of sections of the building reused as the police station from 1937, is a single storeyed timber framed and clad building elevated on low stumps. The hipped roof of the building is clad with corrugated iron sheeting. Verandahs line three sides of the building. The timber verandah posts are stop-chamfered and located between the posts is timber dowel balustrade. A gabled projection on the southern principal facade of the building emphasises the principal entrance.</p><br>
<p>The police residence is a single storeyed timber framed building slightly elevated on low stumps. The building comprises a central four room core with kitchen and bathroom to the north. The building is of single skinned construction with the frame expressed externally and internally lined with horizontal boarding. The pyramidal hipped roof is clad with corrugated iron sheeting and extends over a verandah lining the four sides of the principal part of the building. The roof is surmounted by an iron ridge ventilator. Simple timber verandah posts support the verandah and a simple timber dowel balustrade and handrail line the verandahs. Entrance to the building is provided on the southern face via an open tread timber stair. The rear wing abuts the northern edge of the verandah on the northern face of the building and has a small rectangular plan with gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The cells located to the rear of the police station are constructed with a timber frame and corrugated iron sheeting cladding externally. The cells are elevated on low stumps. The gabled roof of the small structure is also clad with corrugated iron sheeting. A verandah lines the southern elevation of the building and access is provided via an open tread timber stair.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Croydon Police Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Croydon Police Station, established from 1886, demonstrates the evolution of the early Croydon township with the provision of essential services following the discovery of gold in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The complex is a good, representative example of a nineteenth century police precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings have aesthetic significance as an intact precinct of nineteenth century timber civic buildings which contribute to the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The Insane Asylum at the County Poor Farm is a historic building located north of Andrew, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century. Built in 1872, this 2½-story structure is composed of stone blocks that vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. Because of its late date compared with the other historic stone buildings in the county, it features segmental arches instead of lintels. By the time it was built limestone construction in the county had already reached its peak. Adam Strasser and Frank Schlecht were contractors from Bellevue, Iowa who were responsible for its construction, as was local stonemason John Weis. The other 19th-century buildings from the poor farm have been removed, and replaced by the county care facility across the highway. This building is now part of a demonstration farm. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at Samwell Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Croydon Shire Office and Croydon Town Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 June 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Croydon Shire Hall, probably constructed, was purpose built as a municipal town hall.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s Croydon Downs Station was established on Belmore Creek by partners, William Chalmers Browne and James and Walter Aldridge. Evidence of gold was discovered on the property soon after it was established. In 1885 the Aldridge Brothers and Browne located twenty payable lines of gold reef. When the partners reported the discovery in October 1885 a rush to the area began.</p><br>
<p>On 18 January 1886 Croydon was proclaimed a goldfield under the administration of the Queensland Mines Department. The town of Croydon was surveyed in 1886 and the survey plan shows an earlier building located on the Shire Hall block. Croydon Divisional Board was proclaimed in 1887, and in 1903 this became Croydon Shire Council, under the provisions of the 1902 Local Government Act. The arrival of the railway in 1891 and the discovery of gold in the district meant that by 1897 the area, including the town of Croydon, had the third highest population in North Queensland, after Townsville and Charters Towers. In 1892 a separate Croydon Municipal Council was established to administer the town of Croydon, and this became the Croydon Town Council in 1903. However, with the decline in the price of gold by 1900 and the resultant loss of population, the municipality of Croydon became part of Croydon Shire again in 1908. Mining came to a virtual stop by 1925 and from that time the town became the centre of a pastoral district.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that the Croydon Shire Hall dates from after the establishment of the municipality in 1892, rather than from the establishment of the divisional board, and photographic evidence reveals that the building was extant by 1897. Local tradition records that the rear of the Shire Hall was extended in 1929 or 1930 when the back "hall like" back portion of Edgerton&#39;s Jewellery Shop, Croydon was added to the Shire Hall after the shop front was damaged during a cyclone.</p><br>
<p>The hall has been the social centre of the town and district from the early days of settlement. Early photographs indicate that the hall was the location of community celebrations such as Queen Victoria&#39;s Jubilee in 1897 and the celebration which took place after the relief of Mafeking during the Boer War in 1900.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the building became the official administration centre for Croydon Shire Council. It remained as the shire offices until 1991 when new offices were constructed across Samwell Street. Since that time the hall has again become a social centre for dances, concerts, hoy and pioneer morning teas. Long-term plans for the building are to turn it into a museum of mining and community history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Croydon Shire Hall is a large, single-storeyed timber and galvanised iron building situated in Samwell Street, Croydon. It is one of a group of civic buildings that date to.</p><br>
<p>The hall is rectangular, with a square tower centrally located at the street frontage and a later rectangular addition on the western side. An imposing sense of grandeur is achieved by the bell capped tower with its tall flagpole, clockface and ornate cast iron balustrading.</p><br>
<p>Although the main body of the hall is of light hardwood construction with corrugated galvanised iron external sheeting, the tower and the front verandah are lined timber, as is the floor and stage at the rear of the interior.</p><br>
<p>A corrugated galvanised iron sheeted roof is supported on timber trusses and is hipped at the tower end and gabled at the rear; with a separate awning roof over the front verandah.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of the hall is unlined, although the later additions are fully lined internally with hardboard sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The front verandah has been enlarged by removing part of the original wall lining along the east and west sides of the building, infilled with hardboard internally and metal ribbed sheeting externally and provided with a wrap around band of glass louvred windows. The western extension is constructed similarly, though without the narrow metal awning that shades the louvred windows at the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>At the front entry of the building, doors open either side to the office area within the enclosed verandah and a short passage leads through into the main body of the hall.</p><br>
<p>Above the passage is a projection booth, with an intact movie projector mounted on an open platform, which is situated directly beneath the tower. Access to the booth is through the office in the eastern verandah.</p><br>
<p>Externally, the building is shaded by trees to the east and west and has two detached privies at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Two, apparently early, street lamps are located on the footpath in front of the shire hall. The footpath is finished with early stone pitched gutters.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Croydon Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Shire Hall is significant as one of a group of late 19th-century regional government buildings that illustrate the unprecedented era of prosperity that followed the discovery of gold in the Croydon region. The building also illustrates the establishment of Croydon as a major regional centre during the latter part of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates a continuous association of local government administration with this site for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In its relatively unchanged state the hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of a regional shire hall in North West Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Croydon Shire Hall, through its distinctive design and its location in a street of late 19th-century timber government buildings, is an aesthetically pleasing building valued by the Croydon community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>In its role as a shire hall the building has been a focal point for civic and social events since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The former Jackson County Jail, also known as the Andrew Jail, is a historic building located in Andrew, Iowa, United States. Built in 1871 by local contractors Strasser and Schlecht, this building is the only reminder that Andrew was at one time the county seat for Jackson County. The stone blocks were quarried locally and vary somewhat in shape and size. They were laid in courses, and the window sills and lintels are composed of flat stones. The structure is capped with a cross-gable roof. After the courthouse moved to Maquoketa in 1873 the jail remained here until 1896. After a new jail was built in Maquoketa, this building was primarily used as a residence. A couple of frame additions have been built onto the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Goranchacha Temple  is an archeological site of the Muisca located in the city of Tunja, Boyacá, which in the time of the Muisca Confederation was called Hunza. The temple is named after the mythological Goranchacha. The remains of the temple are located on the terrain of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia in Tunja. Scholar Javier Ocampo López has written about the temple and its religious meaning. Knowledge about the temple has been provided by chronicler Pedro Simón.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>During the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) were populated by the Muisca. This advanced civilization had its own religion and rituals, centered around the most important deities Sué and Chía. The northern territories were ruled by the iraca of Sugamuxi, the tundama of Tundama and the zaque based in Hunza.</p><br>
<p>Goranchacha was a mythical cacique who moved the capital of the northern Muisca from Ramiriquí to Hunza and was feared by the people, ruling as a dictator.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Goranchacha Temple was allegedly constructed of two circular structures of rocks, reed and wood, transported from the farthest regions of the Muisca Confederation. In the centre was placed a column to support the roof. At the temple offerings were made.</p><br>
<p>Pedro Simón wrote about the temple:</p><br>
<p>"Cerca de las postreras casas del pueblo a la parte del norte donde ahora llaman las cuadras de Porras, hizo edificar un templo a su padre el Sol donde lo hacía venerar con frecuentes sacrificios..."</p><br>
<p>"Close to the farthest houses of the village in the northern part where today it&#39;s called Porras quarter, he ordered the construction of a temple to his father, the Sun, where he venerated him with frquent sacrifices..."</p><br>
<p>The location of the temple was found using this description in 1937 by Colombian archaeologist Gregorio Hernández de Alba (1904–1973). He excavated the site.</p><br>
<p>Today, the remains of the temple are part of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia in Tunja.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Hospital Ward is a heritage-listed former hospital at Sircom Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1894. It is also known as Croydon State Emergency Services Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Croydon Hospital Ward was constructed in 1894, as a ward of the Croydon Hospital.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s Croydon Downs Station was established on Belmore Creek and evidence of gold was discovered on the property soon after it was established. In October 1885 a major find was reported about 145 km east of Normanton and a rush to the area began. On 18 January 1886 Croydon was proclaimed a goldfield under the administration of the Queensland Mines Department. The town site was then surveyed, and by the end of the year the population of the Croydon field was 2000 and rapidly increasing. The first hospital was constructed in 1886, on the present hospital reserve. This was a primitive structure, of bush timber framing with hessian walls a timber floor and galvanised iron roof. Soon after, a surgery/domestic block and a large ward were erected at a cost of £1886.</p><br>
<p>The district was proclaimed Croydon Division in 1887/88 and declared a municipality in 1892. By 1897 Croydon had the third highest population in North Queensland after that of Townsville and Charters Towers. The establishment of shipping companies trading from southern Queensland to Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria and the opening of the railway from Normanton to Croydon assured the development of the gold fields. A peak population of 25,000 demanded a larger hospital facility and in 1894, a second ward building was erected. funded by a major bequest.</p><br>
<p>The goldfield at Croydon did not sustain its initial success. By the early 1900s its output had fallen considerably and after World War I when widespread mining diminished and the price of gold dropped, it was obvious that the field would not recover. It came to a virtual stop by 1925. The resultant loss in population saw the district redesignated as the Shire of Croydon in 1903–04, with the town becoming the centre of a pastoral district rather than a goldfield. The hospital did not always succeed in staying open and at times the matron had to deputise for a doctor. The last resident doctor was at the hospital in 1934. The Flying Doctor Service visited Croydon from Cloncurry holding a regular monthly clinic from 1953. Emergency dental services were also offered by them.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1980s, the hospital buildings were considered inadequate for modern hospital use and were threatened with demolition. At that time, the hospital reserve contained two large timber buildings, this ward building and the surgery/residence, and also a small corrugated iron morgue at the rear of the site. This building was then moved from the Hospital Reserve, at the south-western end of Sircom Street on the outskirts of the town, to the corner of Sircom and Brown Streets opposite the Club Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The building is now the responsibility of the Croydon Shire Council.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Croydon Hospital ward building is a single storey timber building on the western corner of Sircom and Brown Streets, Croydon. There is a timber picket fence around the property.</p><br>
<p>The building is rectangular in plan with an encircling verandah, built in on the north-western side. It is raised on low stumps, those at the perimeter being timber and the remainder, steel. The hipped roof is clad with corrugated iron and has two roof ventilators on the ridge and new ogee gutters and acroteria.</p><br>
<p>The main entry is a through a porch with a curved corrugated iron roof on the verandah facing Brown Street. There are also stairs at the centre of the rear verandah, and at the southern corner. At the centre of each end is a pair of French doors into the hall.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs are about 3.7m wide, with stop-chamfered posts, arched boarded valance, a handrail but no balustrade between the posts, and are unlined. The external walls have exposed timber framing, lined with 185 chamferboards. The Brown Street side wall has five casement windows, with 3-panes per sash and 2-pane toplights. The height of the sill of these windows alternates from floor level to sill level. Inside the hall, the walls and ceiling are lined with fibro sheet. The ceiling is raked up to the line of the collar tie.</p><br>
<p>The south-west verandah has been infilled with rooms, clad with external boarding and smaller casements, and internal vertically jointed boards.</p><br>
<p>At the rear are two sheds. The closest is a corrugated iron garage with two rooms. It has a gabled roof over two rooms with a lean-to roof over the garage. The rooms are clad in corrugated iron, with shutters opening to the outside and the inside. The doors to the rooms are boarded. There is also a recent metal-clad structure behind.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Croydon Hospital Ward was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former hospital building is important in illustrating the development of Croydon and district, reflecting the importance of the town and the size of the population when the gold field was at its peak.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Although relocated, the former hospital building, in its form, scale and materials, relates to the other surviving public buildings of Croydon, including the former town hall, the police station and residence and the Club Hotel, which define the visual character of the township.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former hospital ward building has had a long connection with the people of Croydon and the surrounding district as a focus for the provision of hospital services.</p><br>
<p>Croydon railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at Helen Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is on the Normanton to Croydon railway line. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Croydon is the eastern terminus of a railway line linking it with the port of Normanton. The line was built between 1888 and 1891 when Croydon was an important goldfield and is the last isolated line of Queensland Rail still in use. It utilised an innovative system of submersible track with patent steel sleepers and retains buildings and equipment of considerable interest, both in their own right and as part of this system.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 William Landsborough investigated the Norman River area to select a port site to serve the pastoral stations south of the Gulf of Carpentaria. With him was George Phillips who shortly thereafter surveyed the chosen site of Normanton. Phillips later supervised the construction of the Normanton to Croydon Railway, and retained an interest in the area, serving in the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Carpentaria in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>A railway line between Normanton and Cloncurry had been discussed as early as 1883 and was approved by Queensland Parliament in 1886. This was a difficult stretch for carriers and a rail link would have been valuable to pastoral stations in the area and was planned to serve the Cloncurry Copper Mine. It was at the time intended to eventually link the new line with the Great Northern Railway connecting Charters Towers and the important port of Townsville. However, in November 1885 a major gold strike was reported at Belmore Station, 145 km east of Normanton and by the end of 1886 the population of the Croydon field was 2000 and rising rapidly in a booming town. Transportation was a major problem and access to this field became more important than the link to Cloncurry. It was decided to divert the line to Croydon.</p><br>
<p>The line was technically innovative, in response to the terrain and conditions. The country was flat but difficult for conventional railway tracks due to flooding, lack of suitable timber for sleepers and termite attack. In 1884 Phillips patented a system for taking railways across such country which utilised special U-section steel sleepers laid directly on the ground. During floods the line could be submerged without washing out the ballast and embankments normally used, so that it could quickly be put back into service when the waters subsided. The steel sleepers were also impervious to termite attack, and although initially more expensive than timber sleepers, were cheaper to lay and maintain. The bridges along the line were also designed to be submersible. This system was particularly suited to the Gulf country and was specified for the Normanton to Croydon line with Phillips engaged to supervise the construction. Tenders were called in July 1887 and the first section to Haydon (17&deg;58&prime;07&Prime;S latitude, 141&deg;28&prime;59&Prime;E longitude) began in May 1888 and opened in May 1889, then to Patterson&#39;s (later Blackbull, 17&deg;56&prime;35&Prime;S latitude, 141&deg;45&prime;23&Prime;E longitude) in December 1890, and finally to Croydon in July 1891.</p><br>
<p>Some problems were encountered with constructing the line because of the difficulty of maintaining a constant and adequate supply of Phillips sleepers. They were cast at the Toowoomba Foundry at Woolloongabba in Brisbane and also in Glasgow, but in order to keep construction going, timber sleepers were used on some sections and timber was also used for some bridges, originally designed to be made of steel. Much of the timber was replaced with steel at a later date.</p><br>
<p>The grandest buildings were erected at the Normanton terminus, and because the line was isolated, a range of maintenance buildings and facilities such as machine shops, blacksmith and carpenters shops were also constructed there. At the railhead, Croydon had more modest goods and locomotive sheds and a station with a roofed section over 2 tracks. In 1895, a railway water reserve was proclaimed on the flooded Bird-in-the-Bush shaft on True Blue Hill at Croydon.</p><br>
<p>Initially the line carried perishables, mail and passengers, and goods like building materials and merchandise. It also ferried firewood for mine boilers and batteries as the land was progressively cleared. During the late 1890s special trains were run for picnics at most of the water holes along the line, particularly the Blackbull lagoon and weekend excursions from Normanton to Croydon or Golden Gate. The Golden Gate mine, some 4 miles west of Croydon and on the railway line, was first mined in 1887. It enjoyed prosperity from about 1895 to 1901, and the Golden Gate township itself had 1500 inhabitants. Special trains were regularly put on to serve picnic outings along the line and sports events like race days. A "suburban" service between Croydon and Golden Gate on the weekends was introduced in 1902.</p><br>
<p>However, the goldfield at Croydon did not sustain its initial success. By the early 1900s its output had dropped considerably and after World War I when widespread mining diminished, it was obvious that the field would not recover. The railway had only run at a profit between 1898 and 1902 and traffic, never high, steadily declined. The line stayed open as a community service and as a vital link during the wet season. This was largely because the Phillips system worked well and the track could be put back into use almost immediately after flooding, whereas roads stayed impassable for much longer. Fortunately, the track took less maintenance than standard track because in the early 1920s the number of staff was considerably reduced. To cut costs, and because the supply of suitable water had always been a problem, the first railmotor, a Panhard, was introduced in 1922. By 1929 steam trains had been completely phased out. In the 1930s, all weather roads made the railway less important, but until the late 1960s the rail remained a vital transport link in the area. The line now functions largely as a tourist attraction. One railmotor was restored and named the "Gulflander" in 1978 and a railmotor now makes a weekly trip hauling carriages and a flat top wagon for passengers&#39; cars. In the wet season it also carries freight when the roads are cut.</p><br>
<p>Not all of the buildings have survived, the station at Croydon being destroyed by a storm in 1969 and rebuilt in a more modern form. The tank there was demolished in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Normanton to Croydon Railway runs 94 miles in a roughly south-east direction from Normanton to Croydon, in the Gulf country of North-west Queensland. The line, carried for most of its length on Phillips patent steel sleepers, runs over level country and crosses a number of streams by low-level bridges. It has stations at each end of the line with several stopping places in between.</p><br>
<p>Croydon station complex is located on the outskirts of town and consists of both original and modern buildings. Croydon station is now a simple building clad in corrugated iron with a low pitched roof which does not resemble the station destroyed in 1969, but appears to have reused some of the materials. A set of Avery scales are against the outside wall at the end of the building and a cylindrical water tank is adjacent. Beyond the tank is an 1887 Saxby and Farmer lever, believed to be rare.</p><br>
<p>The complex also contains also a set of quarters similar in appearance to those at Blackbull with detached kitchen and shower annexes to the rear. Croydon station also retains some original equipment such as a Ransomes and Rapier crane, as at Normanton. This is located beside the line at a short distance from the station building and near the former goods shed, the concrete slab of which survives nearby. A loading ramp constructed of metal sleepers and rail and filled with earth also remains, though in a ruinous condition. The tower section of a windmill made from rails is also in the yards and locomotive parts are scattered about.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Croydon railway station on the Normanton-to-Croydon railway line was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton to Croydon railway illustrates the way in which the rail system in Queensland developed as a series of isolated lines which connected ports to inland resources. It also demonstrates the short lived importance that goldfields, such as that at Croydon, might have.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane to Cairns railway connected all independent railways running from ports inland apart from Normanton and Cooktown, which closed in 1962. The Normanton to Croydon line is therefore the last isolated section of the Queensland Railways to remain in use and retains some rare items of equipment It is also the only full length line to have been constructed using the Phillips patented sleeper system, which is still in working order.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Because of its isolation, extensive workshop facilities were provided and locomotives and rolling stock were retained when obsolete. Although some have now been removed, the line retained much of its individuality and can provide information on the way in which such an isolated line was maintained and the technology used.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The railway line itself, with its use of low level submersible track and bridges and Phillips patented steel sleepers, was an important technical innovation designed for Queensland conditions which has lasted in use with a low level of maintenance for over a hundred years, proving its viability in these conditions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The railway has strong associations with the life and work of George Phillips, who helped to explore and survey the area, served for several years as its Parliamentary representative and designed and supervised the building of the railway.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Narrow Gauge Depot-LaMotte is a historic building formerly located in La Motte, Iowa, United States. The Chicago, Bellevue, Cascade & Western Railroad was incorporated in August 1877, to build a narrow-gauge railway from Bellevue to Cascade. Narrow-gauge was chosen because it was cheaper to build, and it could negotiate the tight turns on the rugged terrain better. Construction began the following year, but lack of money doomed the project. The Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque and Minnesota Railroad took over the project, and it was completed on December 30, 1879. The first train reached Cascade on January 1, 1880. Ten months later they sold all their holdings to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and this line became a branch line of the Milwaukee Road. That same year a frame depot was built in La Motte. It served as a combination freight and passenger station until it was destroyed by fire in 1910. This depot replaced it the following year. The 1½-story frame combination station represents the corporate style and standardized practices of the Milwaukee Road. However, it reflects the depots they built in the late 19th century, so it was somewhat outdated when it was built.</p><br>
<p>The depot served its purpose until the Milwaukee Road abandoned the line in 1936. There were 12 to 15 narrow gauge railroads built in Iowa, and this one survived longer than any of the others. The depot mostly sat empty until its exterior was refurbished by a group of volunteers for La Motte&#39;s Centennial in 1979. Rick Clasen, a local restaurant owner, bought the property in 1994 and continued to refurbish it. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year. When Clasen sold the property he donated the building to the Jackson County Historical Society, who moved it to the Clinton Engines Site in Maquoketa, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Old Croydon Cemetery is a heritage-listed closed cemetery west of the Croydon railway station, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1889. It is also known as Croydon Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Croydon Cemetery is one of at least 10 cemeteries which served the Croydon area after it was declared a goldfield in 1886. The cemetery was surveyed by John Sircom in 1886 and declared a cemetery reserve on 25 August 1888. It is no longer in use. The Croydon field was the last of the north Queensland gold rushes of the nineteenth century. After a peak in gold production in 1900, mining declined over the next two decades. There was a small revival during the 1930s Depression and again from 1988 to 1991. The present population of the district is approximately 300, and only the main Croydon cemetery is still in use.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is approximately 110 miles (176 kilometres) west of Georgetown and 90 miles (144 kilometres) south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. This area was first explored by Europeans in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862. John Graham MacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. H.E. Young investigated routes for an overland telegraph line between Cardwell and Normanton, which was built between 1869 and 1872, and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from markets.</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station which had been taken up by W.C. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees James and Walter Alldridge found a leader of quartz carrying gold. However, it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from W.C. Brown, prospected the area and discovered twenty payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under administration of the Mines Department. W.C. Brown and the Alldridge brothers shared a £1000 reward for the discovery, and the reward claim, Lady Mary, was taken up by 6 partners including W.C. Brown and Richard Alldridge.</p><br>
<p>By 1887, total population of the district had peaked at 7000, and by 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs were second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772,374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved. There was a small revival around Tabletop and Golden Gate between 1988 and 1991.</p><br>
<p>Residents at Croydon goldfields faced many hardships from inadequate supplies of water, pasture grasses and timber for fuel and construction purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. Industrial action in 1888 resulted in the formation of a branch of the Amalgamated Miners&#39; Association, and a strike occurred in 1889 when mining companies again tried to lower wages. Some mines close to Croydon township failed around 1890 when the ore was cut by a wall of granite. However, rich discoveries at Golden Gate to the north west compensated a little for this. A financial setback occurred in the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, throwing many miners out of work.</p><br>
<p>As on many other Queensland goldfields, Croydon had a Chinese community which developed on the north west fringe of the town. The community constructed a temple, houses and other facilities such as pig ovens. By the end of 1888 Mining Warden L.E.D. Towner reported that Croydon had a population of approximately 3500 of whom 300 were Chinese, Cingalese, Malays and African. It appears that a shifting population of around 300 Asians was maintained. This figure is surprising given that the Queensland Goldfields Amendment Act of 1878 excluded Chinese people from new fields for three years unless they had made the discovery. However, it appears that their involvement at Croydon was primarily as gardeners, carriers and cooks. There was some racial tension at times. A race riot occurred in 1886 when a Chinese residence was pulled down. Also, in May 1888, William Hodgkinson, Minister for Mines, ejected all Chinese from the Croydon and Etheridge goldfields. However, they were soon allowed to return because their market gardens were essential to the well-being of the community.</p><br>
<p>Despite all difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon. Pugh&#39;s Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers, 11 sharebrokers, 4 newsagents, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses. Croydon became a municipality in 1892 under the control of the Croydon Divisional Board, and in 1907 administration passed to the Croydon Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>The fields developed with Croydon as the main administrative and commercial centre surrounded by "satellite" communities established at outlying reefs. Members of the outlying communities would visit Croydon on Saturday nights to shop, conduct their business and socialise. There were townships at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Mile, and campsites at Homeward Bound, Croydon King, Mark Twain, Lower Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flanagans, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs. This resulted in the establishment of at least 10 cemeteries throughout the district.</p><br>
<p>Croydon township was first surveyed by John Sircom in 1886 after the district had been proclaimed a goldfield. The Old Croydon cemetery was also surveyed by John Sircom in 1886. It was declared a cemetery reserve on 25 August 1888 and identified as Lot 32 on C8186, Parish of Croydon, County of Surrey. At the time of survey, the cemetery already contained several graves. It apparently continued in use for several years until the main cemetery was surveyed and gazetted. According to the original survey plan, access was from a track extending from Samwell Street and running adjacent to the southern boundary of the reserve. This access is no longer used.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Croydon Cemetery, Cemetery Reserve R18, comprises two hectares and is located to the west of the Croydon township.</p><br>
<p>Current access is via an unnamed, graded track near the eastern boundary. This road was constructed relatively recently for water supply access. It appears to run through the southeast corner of the cemetery reserve. This access is immediately adjacent to an area of about 4500 square metres, less than a quarter of the original surveyed area, which is now broadly considered as the "Old Cemetery". This section is maintained and mowed on an "as required" basis. The area is unfenced.</p><br>
<p>There are two headstones recording European burials, dated 1888 and 1889, and two markers recording Chinese burials. There are four other discernible graves with no identification.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is gently sloping with fine-grained sandy soil. Vegetation is predominantly natural with Eucalypts and other endemic trees scattered through the grounds. Tussocky native grasses provide a dense ground cover for much of the year. Native animal and bird life actively use this habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Croydon Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Old Croydon Cemetery, in use since at least 1886, reflects the early development of the region. The cemetery is an important record of the cultural development of the area, showing the ethnicity, occupations and social status of the inhabitants of early Croydon since settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has the potential to yield information in regards to the early history of the inhabitants of Croydon, their ethnic, social and religious backgrounds and standing within the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is significant for its high spiritual and symbolic value to the community because of the burials that took place there and the evidence of hardship experienced by the first inhabitants of Croydon.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Julia Creek Road, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was opened. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main Croydon Cemetery is one of at least 10 cemeteries which served the Croydon area after it was declared a goldfield in 1886. Cemetery Reserve R16 was surveyed in September 1888 by W.A. Irwin, gazetted in 1889, but was probably in use earlier than this. It was the second cemetery surveyed in close proximity to Croydon township, and is the only one in the district still currently used. The Croydon field was the last of the north Queensland gold rushes of the nineteenth century. After a peak in gold production in 1900, mining declined over the next two decades. There was a small revival during the 1930s depression and again from 1988 to 1991. The present population of the district is approximately 300.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is approximately 110 miles (176 kilometres) west of Georgetown and 90 miles (144 kilometres) south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Europeans first explored this area in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862. John Graham MacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. H.E. Young investigated routes for an overland telegraph line between Cardwell and Normanton, which was built between 1869 and 1872, and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from markets.</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station which had been taken up by W.C. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees James and Walter Alldridge found a leader of quartz carrying gold. However it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from W.C. Brown, prospected the area and discovered twenty payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under administration of the Mines Department. W.C. Brown and the Alldridge brothers shared a £1000 reward for the discovery, and the reward claim, Lady Mary, was taken up by 6 partners including W.C. Brown and Richard Alldridge.</p><br>
<p>Hundreds of people flocked to the area. By 1887, total population of the district had peaked at 7000, and by 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs were second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772,374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved. There was a small revival during the 1930s Depression, and around Tabletop and Golden Gate between 1988 and 1991.</p><br>
<p>Residents on the Croydon goldfields faced many hardships from inadequate supplies of water; pasture grasses and timber for fuel and construction purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. Industrial action in 1888 resulted in the formation of a branch of the Amalgamated Miners&#39; Association, and a strike occurred in 1889 when mining companies again tried to lower wages. Some mines close to Croydon township failed around 1890 when the ore was cut by a wall of granite. However, rich discoveries at Golden Gate to the north west compensated a little for this. A financial setback occurred in the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, throwing many miners out of work.</p><br>
<p>As on many other Queensland goldfields, Croydon had a Chinese community which developed on the north west fringe of the town. The community constructed a temple, houses and other facilities such as pig ovens. By the end of 1888 Mining Warden L.E.D. Towner reported that Croydon had a population of approximately 3500 of whom 300 were Chinese, Cingalese, Malays and African. It appears that a shifting population of around 300 Asians was maintained. This figure is surprising given that the Queensland Goldfields Amendment Act of 1878 excluded Chinese people from new fields for three years unless they had made the discovery. However it appears that their involvement at Croydon was primarily as gardeners, carriers and cooks. There was some racial tension at times. A race riot occurred in 1886 when a Chinese residence was pulled down. Also, in May 1888, William Hodgkinson, Minister for Mines, ejected all Chinese from the Croydon and Etheridge goldfields. However, they were soon allowed to return because their market gardens were essential to the well-being of the community.</p><br>
<p>Despite all difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon. Pugh&#39;s Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers, 11 sharebrokers, 4 newsagents, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses. Croydon became a municipality in 1892 under the control of the Croydon Divisional Board, and in 1907 administration passed to the Croydon Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>The fields developed with Croydon as the main administrative and commercial centre surrounded by "satellite" communities established at outlying reefs. Members of the outlying communities would visit Croydon on Saturday nights to shop, conduct their business and socialise. There were townships at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Mile, and campsites at Homeward Bound, Croydon King, Mark Twain, Lower Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flanagans, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs. This resulted in the establishment of at least 10 cemeteries throughout the district.</p><br>
<p>John Sircom first surveyed Croydon township in 1886 after the district had been proclaimed a goldfield. The main Croydon cemetery, Reserve R16, was surveyed in September 1888 by W.A. Irwin, gazetted in 1889, but was probably in use earlier than this. It was the second cemetery surveyed in close proximity to Croydon township, and is still currently used. Croydon Shire Council&#39;s Burial Register appears to refer only to this cemetery. The first documented burial in this register is that of F.W. Kennedy on 5 January 1889. The first marked grave after gazettal was probably for William Pascoe who died on 19 July 1889.</p><br>
<p>Seventy-four Chinese burials were registered in Croydon between 1889 and 1951, although there are possibly around 130 graves. On at least four occasions exhumations occurred. Two bodies were exhumed in 1907, one in 1909, nine in 1913 and one in 1915. These exhumations reflect the spiritual importance for the Chinese to return permanently to their ancestral homeland, but given this, the number of exhumations seems small.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery reveals a fairly high death rate in Croydon, especially among the young. Their iron bedsteads mark some childrens graves. Miners phthisis was also a common cause of death. Some headstones record that friends erected them, and this reflects the isolation of many from their families, and the poverty of some on the fields. A small number of headstones are surprisingly impressive and are representative of the wealth of the goldfield.</p><br>
<p>There is one Commonwealth war grave in the cemetery, of Lieutenant Alrey Fisher McMaster of the Australian Army, who died on 27 February 1947 aged 51 and is registered as a casualty of World War II.</p><br>
<p>As with many other north Queensland cemeteries Melrose and Fenwick produced the majority of the headstones. This firm started their Townsville operation about 1896-97, subsequently extending to Cairns (1908) and in 1915 to Charters Towers and Mackay.</p><br>
<p>Other stonemasons represented in the cemetery include John Petrie, Brisbane; J H Simmons, Brisbane; and E Greenway of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>John Petrie was the son of Andrew Petrie, Forman for Public Works for the fledgling Colony of Moreton Bay, who is recognised for his contribution to the development of the early architecture of Brisbane. John, who assumed responsibility for his father&#39;s business in 1848, expanded the stonemasonry company to Charters Towers and Townsville in 1889.</p><br>
<p>John Howard Simmons is known to have worked from a Brisbane base from about 1883 to at least 1910. Simmons supplied headstones throughout Queensland and is regarded as one of the most productive stonemasons of his time.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich stonemason Ernest Greenway was a descendent of early colonial architect Francis Greenway who designed many of the public buildings in New South Wales during Lachlan Macquarie&#39;s time as Governor of New South Wales. Ernest Greenway learnt his trade in England and migrated to Queensland in 1882. He established a stonemasonry business in Nicholas Street, Ipswich. He later moved to Grey Street and finally to Limestone Street in 1891. His business functioned from the Limestone Street site until 1934.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Croydon Cemetery, Reserve R16, comprises 4 hectares of land and is about 2 kilometres south of Croydon township. Access is via Julia Creek Road. A well maintained fence, with a single vehicle width gate and adjacent pedestrian gate, entirely encloses the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is generally flat with fine grained sandy soils. The original survey plan noted sand with substratum of sandstone and drainage into Highland Mary Creek. The vegetation is predominantly natural, with eucalypts and other endemic tree species scattered through the site. Native grasses provide a dense cover most of the year. Native birds and animals utilise this habitat.</p><br>
<p>There is extensive use of soldered sheet metal grave markers. These were often three dimensional and filled with ceramic floral displays protected by glass panels. This practice appears to be confined to this cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The graves with headstones represent only a small proportion of burials in the cemetery. The variety of material used in headstones is varied and ranges from polished granite to marble, sandstone, sheet metal, cast iron, concrete and tiles. The headstones show several stages of decay with sandstone weathering and marble deteriorating in the tropical heat.</p><br>
<p>The more elaborate headstones generally relate to Catholic burials with simpler headstones on the Protestant graves. Some Chinese graves are marked with sandstone headstones and others with simple clay bricks. Many graves are surrounded with whatever materials were available including metal cots and iron railings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Croydon Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Croydon Cemetery, in use from the late 1880s, reflects the development of the region from that period to the present day. The cemetery is an important record of the cultural development of the area, showing the ethnicity, social attitudes to death, availability of materials, occupations and social status of the inhabitants of the Croydon Shire since settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Given the nineteenth century Chinese practice of exhumation and transfer of remains back to their homeland it is rare that there are intact Chinese burials in cemeteries on Queensland mining fields. Therefore, the surviving sandstone and small brick headstones at Croydon that denote intact burial sites are significant for their rarity. The uniqueness of the cemetery is further enhanced by the use of three dimensional "vases" as grave markers in the absence of headstones.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has the potential to yield information in regards to the early history of the inhabitants of the Croydon goldfields, their ethnic, social and religious backgrounds and standing within the community. The economic and social history of the district can be read through the inscriptions and type of material used in headstones. Nationality, health, social status, lodge affiliation, occupation, religion and cause of death are often included in the inscriptions. Family relationships can be noted and the high infant mortality and death in childbirth are often recorded. The large number of single graves is illustrative of the hardship and isolation of pioneering life in north west Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The work of a number of significant Queensland monumental firms is evident in this cemetery including that of Melrose and Fenwick of Townsville, Ernest Greenway of Ipswich and that of J Petrie and JH Simmons of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is significant for its high spiritual and symbolic value to the community because of its continuity of use as a burial place for the region for one hundred and ten odd years. The regard for the cemetery is evidenced by the Croydon Shire Council&#39;s funding of a conservation plan and ongoing maintenance of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Station Creek Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Normanton Road, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was opened. It is also known as Golden Gate Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Station Creek cemetery is one of at least 10 cemeteries which served the Croydon area after it was declared a goldfield in 1886, although it is no longer in use. It appears to have been gazetted as the Golden Gate cemetery in 1900 after a survey completed by Charles McGowan in 1899. It comprises 1 hectare of land, 2-3 kilometres south east of the Golden Gate town site, and east of the Croydon to Normanton railway line. However, this cemetery is commonly known as the Station Creek cemetery, while an earlier burial ground west of the Croydon to Normanton railway line, adjacent to the Golden Gate township, is commonly known as the Golden Gate cemetery. The Croydon goldfield was the last of the North Queensland gold rushes of the nineteenth century. After a peak in gold production in 1900, mining declined over the next two decades. There was a small revival during the 1930s Depression and again from 1988 to 1991 in the Tabletop and Golden Gate areas. The present population of the district is approximately 300, and only the main Croydon Cemetery is still in use.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is situated approximately 110 miles (176 kilometres) west of Georgetown and 90 miles (144 kilometres) south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. This area was first explored by Europeans in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862. James Graham MacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. H.E. Young investigated routes for an overland telegraph line between Cardwell and Normanton, which was built between 1869 and 1872, and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from markets</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station which had been taken up by W.C. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees James and Walter Alldridge found a leader of quartz carrying gold. However it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from W.C. Brown, prospected the area and discovered twenty payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under administration of the Mines Department. W.C. Brown and the Alldridge brothers shared a £1000 reward for the discovery, and the reward claim, Lady Mary, was taken up by 6 partners including W.C. Brown and Richard Alldridge.</p><br>
<p>By 1887, total population of the district had peaked at 7000, and by 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs were second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772,374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved. There was a small revival around Tabletop and Golden Gate between 1988 and 1991.</p><br>
<p>Residents at Croydon goldfields faced many hardships from inadequate supplies of water, pasture grasses and timber for fuel and construction purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. Industrial action in 1888 resulted in the formation of a branch of the Amalgamated Miners&#39; Association, and a strike occurred in 1889 when mining companies again tried to lower wages. Some mines close to Croydon township failed around 1890 when the ore was cut by a wall of granite. However rich discoveries at Golden Gate to the north west compensated a little for this. A financial setback occurred in the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, throwing many miners out of work.</p><br>
<p>As on many other Queensland goldfields, Croydon had a Chinese community which developed on the north west fringe of the town. The community constructed a temple, houses and other facilities such as pig ovens. By the end of 1888 Mining Warden L.E.D. Towner reported that Croydon had a population of approximately 3500 of whom 300 were Chinese, Cingalese, Malays and African. It appears that a shifting population of around 300 Asians was maintained. This figure is surprising given that the Queensland Goldfields Amendment Act of 1878 excluded Chinese people from new fields for three years unless they had made the discovery. However it appears that their involvement at Croydon was primarily as gardeners, carriers and cooks. There was some racial tension at times. A race riot occurred in 1886 when a Chinese residence was pulled down. Also, in May 1888, William Hodgkinson, Minister for Mines, ejected all Chinese from the Croydon and Etheridge goldfields. However, they were soon allowed to return because their market gardens were essential to the well-being of the community.</p><br>
<p>Despite all difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon. Pugh&#39;s Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers, 11 sharebrokers, 4 newsagents, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses. Croydon became a municipality in 1892 under the control of the Croydon Divisional Board, and in 1907 administration was under the Croydon Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>The fields developed with Croydon as the main administrative and commercial centre surrounded by "satellite" communities established at outlying reefs. Members of the outlying communities would visit Croydon on Saturday nights to shop, conduct their business and socialise. There were townships at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Mile, and campsites at Homeward Bound, Croydon King, Mark Twain, Lower Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flanagans, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs. This resulted in the establishment of at least 10 cemeteries throughout the district.</p><br>
<p>The township of Golden Gate was surveyed in December 1892 by W.A. Irwin, although there were buildings constructed well before this. The survey was late in the history of the field considering that the first reward claim, Golden Gate PC, was taken up by Joseph Hardy and James Fulton on 12 April 1886. However, yields from the Golden Gate fields were meagre until 1891, when a rich ore chute was discovered in Rogers No. 1 mine. It went on to become the most productive field in the Croydon area. By 1900, Golden Gate had a population of 600, 11 hotels, 8 stores, 3 churches and 3 butchers. A school operated from 1896 to 1921, and a post office from 1891 to 1919. Production declined during the years leading up to World War I, and the township virtually disappeared after the closure of Forsythes Pioneer Mill in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Station Creek cemetery appears to have been originally gazetted as the Golden Gate cemetery in 1900, after a survey completed by Charles McGowan in 1899. Another and earlier burial ground commonly known as the "Golden Gate Cemetery" lies west of the Croydon to Normanton railway line adjacent to the Golden Gate township. This earlier cemetery was never gazetted. It was possibly in use until gazettal of the later cemetery at Station Creek. Gordon Grimwade, who prepared a Conservation Plan for the Croydon cemeteries in January 2000, has recommended that this matter needs resolution by a "location and ident" survey.</p><br>
<p>It is not known why a new cemetery was gazetted for the area in a different location. However the new site is midway between the Golden Gate group of mines and the Sunset group of mines, so it was possibly moved to facilitate common use by both of these communities.</p><br>
<p>Mines in the Golden Gate group included Golden Gate Nos 1 to 10, Golden Gate United, Golden Gate Consols, Traceys Block, Morgans Block, Rogers no. 1, and Plants Block, the deepest mine on the Croydon goldfields. Mines in the Sunset group included True Blue, Content, Blue Peter, Sunset and Lady Isabelle.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Station Creek cemetery covers 1 hectare of land, five kilometres north west of Croydon on the north east side of the Normanton Road, and two- three kilometres south east of the Golden Gate town site. The site is just west of Belmore Creek.</p><br>
<p>There are two clearly marked graves, although evidence of a further 34 has been noted. One of the marked graves is that of a young girl, Charlotte Brown. This grave is marked by a metal railing with higher rails towards the head.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is bounded by natural vegetation and a Department of Main Roads gravel stockpile on the eastern boundary. Access is from the Normanton Road about 100 metres west of the Belmore Creek bridge crossing. There is minor difficulty with access due to construction of the Belmore Creek bridge which has substantial side drains to the approaches. A roughly defined track crosses a drainage gully on the north side of the road. The track terminates near the corner of a post and wire fence which encloses the present cemetery boundary. The fence was recently constructed and may not reflect the original boundary. A single gate provides entry.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is gently sloping with fine grained, sandy soil. Vegetation is predominantly natural although introduced weed species have been noted. Eucalypts and other endemic tree species are scattered through the site. Tussocky native grasses provide a dense cover during most of the year. Native birds and animals utilise this habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Station Creek Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Station Creek Cemetery, first surveyed in 1899, reflects the early development of the region. The cemetery is an important record of the cultural development of the area, showing the ethnicity, occupations and social status of the inhabitants of early Croydon since settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has the potential to yield information in regards to the early history of the inhabitants of Croydon, their ethnic, social and religious backgrounds and standing within the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is significant for its high spiritual and symbolic value to the community because of the burials that took place there and the evidence of hardship experienced by the first inhabitants of Croydon.</p><br>
<p>Chinese Temple and Settlement Site is a heritage-listed temple off Gulf Developmental Road, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built circa 1880s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chinese settlers moved into the Croydon area soon after the gold discovery was reported in 1885. From the earliest days of settlement they played a significant role in the viability of the isolated field by supplying fresh vegetables and fruit. They also supported the work of the miners as cooks, carriers and by working on tribute.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered on Croydon Downs Station soon after it was established on Belmore Creek, north west Queensland in the early 1880s. However, it was not until 1885 that the manager William Chalmer Browne and station hands Walter and James Aldridge located twenty payable lines of gold reef. A rush began to the area when the discovery was reported in October.</p><br>
<p>On 18 January 1886 Croydon was proclaimed a goldfield under the administration of the Queensland Mines Department. The town was surveyed the same year. By the end of 1887 Mining Warden L.E.D. Towner reported that the town had been transformed from a rough mining camp to a flourishing and well built centre with a population of approximately 3500 of whom 300 were Chinese, Cingalese, Malays and African. These figures are surprising given that under the Queensland Goldfields Amendment Act of 1878 Chinese were excluded from a gold field for three years unless they had made the discovery.</p><br>
<p>Despite these legislative restrictions Chinese settlers moved into the area soon after gold was found. It has been suggested that their involvement was primarily "... as gardeners, cooks, and carriers". No Chinese held claims at Croydon, although some worked on tribute for other miners. The majority however, worked as market gardeners on 172 acres surveyed in the town plan as garden areas. The Chinese were the chief providers of fresh fruit and vegetables on the goldfields usually growing fruit such as custard apples, mandarins, watermelons and lemons.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese settlement at Croydon developed on the north west fringe of the town. This was a similar pattern to other mining towns in north Queensland. The community constructed a temple, houses and associated facilities such as pig ovens, with the temple as the central focus of the settlement.</p><br>
<p>Temples were not simply places of religious worship, rather, they were an integral part of the village. They were places to meet, to check one&#39;s horoscope before embarking on a new venture and places where ancestors were venerated. In China each rural village may have had several temples. Each temple was primarily dedicated to a single deity. Emigrant Chinese in Australia generally adopted the practice of only one temple unless there were socially disparate clans within the same town. Temples in Australia had a single deity in a central role, supplemented by several other deities. They were not necessarily "lesser gods" but, in the temple were given a supplementary status to the major deity.</p><br>
<p>Given the temple&#39;s role as the central focus of daily life, the community would worship at any time. Major gatherings were reserved for festival days when the community gathered to worship, feast and to hold processions.</p><br>
<p>Apart from being places of worship and community activity temples of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century provided an important social welfare role. This role was based on the Confucian principle of Universalism, which stated that:When the great principle of Universalism prevails the world will become the common property of all; the people will elect men of virtue, talent and capability; they will act in good faith and fellowship... Provision will be made for the aged till their death, employment given to the able- bodied, and the means for self-development given to the young... Perfect security will prevail everywhere."The goldfield had a relatively short life but the size and form of the temple was far more substantial than would be expected in an itinerant community. The floor plan shows that the temple was slightly larger than the Atherton temple where the regional Chinese population exceeded 1000. According to a 1986 analysis of the Australian Chinese population after 1881, Sydney, with 3,500 and Melbourne, with 2,400 were the two key centres of population. Research showed that the total Chinese population in all other colonial capitals did not exceed 500 in each place. So Croydon, with an average of 300 people, probably had one of the largest Chinese populations in regional Australia.</p><br>
<p>Race relations on the Croydon goldfield have not been researched extensively. A "... minor "roll up" against the Chinese occurred in September 1886 and in 1888 the Amalgamated Miners Association&#39;s demands that all aliens leave the field initiated further conflict. While anti-Chinese sentiment was demonstrated across north Queensland at that time, contemporary reports, newspaper articles and government documentation indicate that generally good commercial and social interactions prevailed between the Chinese and local communities on the goldfields. Evidence of the long term occupation of the Chinese settlement and temple site at Croydon, the graves of Chinese buried throughout Croydon cemeteries, and the continuing presence of descendants of the Chinese still living in Croydon seems to support this.</p><br>
<p>While the Croydon goldfield was initially highly lucrative the boom years were short lived. After a peak in gold production in 1900, mining declined during the next two decades. The first three years of the century were so dry that crushing was restricted and after 1905 output fell as water threatened operating mines. The town was damaged in a tropical cyclone in 1906 at a time when the community could ill afford the loss. Mining continued to decline until 1914 when the last Golden Gate mine closed. Crushing ceased in 1918.</p><br>
<p>Remaining evidence of Chinese occupation of the site would indicate that people utilised the temple site for a considerable period in the twentieth century. Several Croydon families are descended from the early Chinese settlers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chinese Temple and settlement site is located north west of the township of Croydon. The site is situated between the Gulf Developmental Road and the low hills to the north of the site.</p><br>
<p>Artefacts are spread over a considerable area although the physical remains of structures are located in the town block bounded by Charles, Kelman, Nicholas and Edward Streets.</p><br>
<h3>The Temple</h3><br>
<p>The description of the Croydon site and use of the remnant structures has been based on the extant Hou Wang Temple, Atherton.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of the temple are the main feature within the town block. The concrete temple foundations comprise a main building with overall dimensions of 22 metres by 6 metres. The temple is orientated NE-SW with the main entrance facing SW. The building comprised: a 4 metre by 6 metre front section, possibly with a suspended roof; a 1.7 metre deep, covered porch; an internal concrete floor 6 metres wide and 10.75 metres long; a rear section, probably on low timber stumps, 6 metres wide and 7 metres long.</p><br>
<p>A large spread of granite chips extends 4 metres from the entrance. Four postholes at the SW extremity of the granite indicate that the porch may have extended beyond the main building. Poles probably supported a suspended roof over a raised timber deck.</p><br>
<p>A 2.5 metre square sunken section is located at the rear of the large concrete slab. It was probably the section known as the &#39;sunken courtyard or "heavenly well". It was a central offertory area within the temple where incense sticks might be burned.</p><br>
<p>Six sandstone bases remain in their appropriate location. Two others were removed from the site and are now located at a private residence in Croydon. The bases have been carved to broadly represent the form of the lotus flower. The use of carved sandstone seems to indicate that someone in the community was competent in the art of stone masonry. Rare sandstone burial markers on a number of the Chinese graves in local cemeteries seem to support this theory.</p><br>
<h3>Caretaker's House and Meeting Hall</h3><br>
<p>There are traces of a second building 2.5 metres south of the temple. There is evidence of several postholes and remnant walls of corrugated iron embedded in the ground. Preliminary investigation indicates that this structure had an earthen floor. In the narrow passage between this building and the temple there is a mound of earth, which probably supported a tank stand.</p><br>
<h3>The "Pig Oven" or Outdoor Oven</h3><br>
<p>Twenty six metres to the south east of the temple foundations are the remains of a stone or "pig" oven. The oven, built of local stone, was held together with a mixture of mud and broken termite mounds, to form a wall 600mm thick. It was 2.2 metres in diameter and stood well above the present 1.2 metre height. The upper section has collapsed. The collapsed stone now radiates out to approximately 1. to 1.2 metres from the base of the structure. To date no other Chinese ovens have been located in north Queensland although a number have been identified in the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<h3>Other Structures</h3><br>
<p>Traces of a small structure are located to the nor north west of the "Pig" Oven. Evidence of a remnant corrugated iron wall indicates that this is a similar structure to the Caretaker&#39;s House near the temple.</p><br>
<p>To the south east of the temple, straddling Charles Street, is a collection of foundations of several houses. Small rooms, passageways and entrances are outlined by stone. Remnants of a second, small outdoor oven are located between two of these buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Dump</h3><br>
<p>A modern dump is located to the south west of the Temple outside the boundary of the town block containing remnant buildings. It holds a considerable amount of material from across the site including old bikes, matchboxes, broken crockery, household pots and pans, and corrugated iron.</p><br>
<h3>Artefact Scatters</h3><br>
<p>While most larger pieces of material have been collected into the dump the site is still covered with a vast quantity of material. Matchboxes, pot and pans, broken pottery shards, and corrugated iron. Pieces of sheet metal, cut in decorative patterns, which may have been fixed to the roof ridge of the temple, are scattered round close to the temple.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Chinese Temple and Settlement Site was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese Temple and Settlement site, Croydon demonstrates the extent of Chinese involvement in exploitation of natural resources in Australia in the nineteenth century especially their crucial contribution to the viability of isolated settlements associated with the goldfields.</p><br>
<p>With over three hundred people residing there at its height, the Chinese settlement at Croyden was, at that time, one of the largest Chinese communities in regional Australia. Although a typical goldfield community where race relations were sometimes volatile, surviving physical evidence of the settlement and contemporary documentation indicates the Chinese created a successful community at Croydon.</p><br>
<p>The Croydon settlement demonstrates the pattern of other Chinese settlements in north Queensland, including the location; on the fringe of the main town servicing a goldfield and the inclusion of a temple as the central focus of the settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Of particular significance are the two remnant "pig" ovens, which are rare examples of ovens on a Chinese settlement site in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the settlement, including the foundation of the temple and associated buildings, several house foundations, extensive artefact scatters, and a dump of material gathered from the site have the potential to yield further information about the Chinese communities which flourished in Queensland in the nineteenth century. Of particular significance are the two remnant "pig" ovens, which are rare examples of ovens on a Chinese settlement site in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with Chinese settlers in Australia and their descendants.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese Temple and Settlement site, Croydon demonstrates the extent of Chinese involvement in exploitation of natural resources in Australia in the nineteenth century especially their crucial contribution to the viability of isolated settlements associated with the goldfields.</p><br>
<p>Queen Margrethe II Land  is a peninsula in the northern limit of King Christian X Land, northeastern Greenland. Administratively it belongs to the NE Greenland National Park area.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula was named after Queen Margrethe II of Denmark on 16 April 1990 on the occasion of her 50th birthday.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Queen Margrethe II Land is bounded in the west by the Ejnar Mikkelsen Glacier, in the north by the Bessel Fjord, in the east by the Greenland Sea, in the southeast by the Shannon Sound —with Shannon Island across it to the east, and in the south by the Ardencaple Fjord and the Bredefjord. Adolf S. Jensen Land lies to the north of the Bessel Fjord. Haystack is the peninsula&#39;s easternmost point.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula has two distinct parts:</p><br>
<p>Norlund Land (Nørlund Land), the northern section, all mountainous. The name was given by Lauge Koch following aerial observations during the 1931 - 1934 Three-year Expedition to East Greenland in honour of N.E. Nørlund, the director of the Danish Geodesic Institute at that time.</p><br>
<p>Hochstetter Foreland (Hochstetter Forland) is the flat part jutting to the south and southeast. The wetlands of Hochstetter Foreland are mostly tundra dotted with small lakes. Since it is an important place for staging geese in their long journeys —such as the Pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), as well as for different species of waterbirds, the area was declared a Ramsar site in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The highest elevation of Queen Margrethe II Land is a 1,756 m high unnamed mountain in the southern part of Norlund Land. The main mountains in the peninsula are Møbius Bjerg and Schneekoppe in the north and the Barth Range, Matterhorn and Wildspitze in the southern area.</p><br>
<p>Homeward Bound Battery and Dam is a heritage-listed stamping mill and reservoir at Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1888 by Mr Schumacher. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Homeward Bound reef north of Croydon officially produced 22,280 tons of ore, for a yield of 25,335 ozs of gold, between 1886-1911. Work resumed between 1912-1916 for a yield of 882 ozs of gold from 268 tons of ore and again between 1935-1940, when 11.2 tons of ore returned 4.2 ozs of gold.</p><br>
<p>The Homeward Bound battery commenced crushing on 28 February 1888 with 20 head of stamps. The main mines serving the battery were all situated along the Homeward Bound reef on or near the summit of the ridge above Waterfall Creek. Homeward Bound Extended Block No.1 North Company (with a nominal capital of £12,000 in 20,000 shares) owned several of the mines and Croydon Homeward Bound Gold Mining Company owned the battery. The 20 head of stamps and eight berdan pans were driven by a 20 hp portable steam engine. The plant was valued at £5,500.</p><br>
<p>Water was a problem throughout the Croydon Goldfield and a large dam with a stone pitched wall was constructed in 1888, by a Mr. Shoemaker (or Schumacher). Even so the Homeward Bound battery could not crush that year.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Maid United Gold Mining Company (with a nominal capital of 56,000 ten shilling shares) took over the Homeward Bound battery in 1890 but relinquished it to the original company again in 1891. By then the Homeward Bound claim was almost abandoned. Although the major companies had failed, the battery was revitalized in 1893 by co-operative parties who were getting good results. One old miner said in 1896 that the Homeward Bound "has had less public attention paid to it than any other line on this extensive goldfield but left to the stragglers like myself to scratch away". When other Croydon mines were considering closing down, in 1898 the Homeward Bound was producing almost two ozs of gold per ton of stone. In 1899 Homeward Bound No. 4 South had a spectacular crushing of 232 ozs from 68 tons. Lane and Pate took over the battery in 1901 and cyaniding was commenced in 1902 using some of the equipment from the Pioneer cyanide works at Gorge Creek. In 1903, 144 ozs of gold were obtained from 156 tons of quartz. However by 1904 the Homeward Bound Company had lost the reef and others were only putting small crushings through and mining gradually petered out.</p><br>
<p>In the first year of cyaniding, 510 tons of tailings were treated for a yield of 668 ozs of gold bullion, but production increased thirteenfold in 1903 so that it was the second largest cyaniding treatment plant on the field - 6,565 tons of tailings were treated for 5,059 ozs of gold bullion. They continued with 2,650 tons of tailings yielding 239 ozs of gold bullion in 1904; 3,120 tons of old tailings for 1,728 ozs of gold bullion in 1905; and 480 tons of old tailings for 223 ozs and 940 tons of new tailings for 637 ozs in 1906. The average bullion values were amongst the highest on the Croydon Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>The settlement was never more than a camp with only a store, boarding house and postal receiving office from 1888 to 1893. An open cut mine and carbon-in-pulp treatment plant operated from 1988 to 1990 near the Homeward Bound mining area and surface evidence from earlier workings was lost in the more recent operations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains two component groups: the dam and dam wall (or overshot weir) and the battery foundations. The dam wall is expertly constructed of large blocks of rough-shaped stone. The stonework reaches a maximum height of 5 m above the downstream creek bed surface (the foundations could be buried a further 4 m) and extends across the creek for about 40 m from where an earth wall continues for a further 55 m. The wall contains a lower spillway section. The top of the wall is concrete rendered for the length of its stone construction. A vertical boiler on a base of stamper dyes is located at the northern end of the wall at a former cyanide plant site. The dam is heavily silted and lined with acacia on the upstream edge of the wall. The clay bed of the dam extends north-east for about 250 m.</p><br>
<p>The battery site, situated on the northern bank of the dam, has been stripped of all buildings and plant. Remaining, are a broken concrete engine mount, concrete and aggregate foundations for twenty head of stamps, a twenty head camshaft with ten cams, and a beam pump arm.</p><br>
<p>The Homeward Bound settlement site on Waterfall Creek about 300 m - 400 m east of the battery contains several intact stone fireplaces and numerous stone surfaces. The extent of the settlement was not surveyed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Homeward Bound Battery and Dam was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Homeward Bound Battery and Dam is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as one of the mining settlements, or suburbs of Croydon, on the former Croydon Goldfield. The place demonstrates a number of stages in the development of Croydon Goldfield - British investment in ore crushing, then cyaniding to fully extract any remaining gold once a permanent water supply had been secured.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The dam wall is the most substantial structure surviving at Homeward Bound and is the largest and earliest (1888) associated with mining, recorded in North Queensland. The size and quality of the stonework is noteworthy in a regional context. There were few dams constructed on the Croydon Goldfield even though lack of water was a perennial problem.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Gulf Developmental Road, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It operated from 1886 to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Richmond Mine, near Croydon, was worked for about three decades, producing gold from 1886 until. After 1914 the battery at the Richmond Mine crushed tin ore from mines on the Stanhill tinfield.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is situated in the heart of the Gulf Savannah, 562 km west of Cairns, approximately 176 km west of Georgetown and 144 km south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Europeans first explored this area in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862 and John Graham MaacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from the markets. An overland telegraph line was constructed from Cardwell to Normanton between 1869 and 1872. This passed through the Croydon district and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields.</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station, which had been taken up by W. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees found quartz carrying gold. However it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from WC Brown, prospected the area and discovered 20 payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under the administration of the Department of Public Works and Mines.</p><br>
<p>Hundreds flocked to the area. By 1887 the population of the district had peaked at 7000, and in 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs was second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772, 374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved. Inflation during World War I meant that the fixed value of gold could not keep up with increased costs and the field was reduced to a "poor man&#39;s field".</p><br>
<p>Residents on the Croydon Goldfield faced many hardships including inadequate supplies of water; pasture grasses and timber for fuel and construction purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. During the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, many miners were thrown out of work. Despite all these difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon, as the value of gold increases during a depression. Pughs Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers11 share brokers, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses. Other townships were established at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flannigan&#39;s, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond reef, which outcrops on a hill capped with desert sandstone, strikes nearly north and south and underlies to the east at 35 degrees. Though small (8 to 10 cm) and patchy, it contained extremely rich specimens.</p><br>
<p>The mine was worked from at least four claims and had underlie shafts at least 118m long. Between 1886 and 1907, a total of 6,615 tons of ore returned 21,324 ounces of gold. In the 1890s the Richmond PC was considered one of the best mines on the field. Curiously for a mine owned by syndicates, it was worked mainly by tributers (miners leasing part or all of the mine) in this period. It appears that the mine shut down after 1907 because the winding machinery and vertical boiler needed repairs that the miners could not afford.</p><br>
<p>Further work carried out between 1912 and 1916 under the name Richmond Amalgamated saw the production of 883 tons of ore yielding 3,696 ounces of gold. This appears to have been the last major production period. The present battery was erected in 1913, with the assistance of a Queensland Government loan under the Mining Machinery Advances Act of 1906. The stamps and shed came from the Highland Mary mine in Croydon and the mill engine from the yard of the local foundry, Stuart and McKenzies. The year 1913 is inscribed on the concrete footings. The battery also crushed for the public, including nearby tin mines, for which it installed Wilfley concentrating tables. By 1915 the mine&#39;s engine house featured a forge and a portable engine driving the winding engine, which was used to bail water by tank as well as raise ore. The mill shed housed a 5 stamp battery with a self feeder, engine, amalgamating table, berdan pan, two Wilfley tables, and a pump bringing in water from a dam at the rear. The boiler for the pump and engine was large and situated beside the mill shed. The mill in that year gained some notoriety when on 2 November, Albert Chambers was caught up in the drive belt for the Wilfley table and killed.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the Richmond battery crushed 58 tons of tin ore from mines on the Stanhill tinfield. It is not known for how long the battery continued to operate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Mine and Battery is located 10 kilometres east of Croydon and about 1 kilometre north of the Gulf Developmental Road. The vegetation in the immediate area is sparse and consists predominantly of eucalypts spp regrowth. Cattle graze the site.</p><br>
<p>The main workings of the place, including the shafts and incline, mullock, and battery site are situated on the crest and southwest face of Richmond Hill.</p><br>
<p>The mine and winding plant is situated on an earth bench cut into the hillside at adit level directly above the battery. Extensive areas of dumped rock extend down the hill from the mine. The mine site includes a portable steam engine with a connected cog drive to a small two-drum winding winch that is aligned to a timbered incline shaft. Items of plant in the vicinity include a winch base associated with the portable engine, a baling bucket and a small single-cylinder horizontal engine manufactured by the Stuart & McKenzie foundry of Croydon.</p><br>
<p>The battery site, situated on two earth benches leading to a flat immediately below the mine, includes the concrete foundations of a five head stamper frame and broken iron legs of the frame. A small inscription on the concrete foundations reads "AOP 18/5/13". A single-cylinder horizontal steam engine is located alongside the battery. A two-cylinder portable engine with all four wheels intact stands below the battery. The engine&#39;s flywheel lies alongside.</p><br>
<p>A tailings dump, dwelling sites, and machinery scatters extend southward from the base of the hill approximately 150 m, on flat ground.</p><br>
<p>On the flat below the battery site is situated a kiln constructed from a ship&#39;s tank and lined with ant bed bricks. An extensive area of cyanided sands is situated to the southwest of the kiln. The presence of the kiln and its position downhill from the battery site and in close proximity to the tailings sands indicates it was probably used to melt down the gold precipitate from the cyanide plant to produce gold bullion bars. It is unusual for such a feature to survive on cyanide plants.</p><br>
<p>The stone fireplace and chimney of a hut is located about 90m northwest of the remains of the stamper. Additionally, 100m south of the stamper, there is evidence of a row of at least 3 dwelling sites extending westward. These sites typically consist of stone arrangements, glass and artefact scatters, corrugated iron sheeting and remains of corrugated iron tanks.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder horizontal steam engine - Stuart & McKenzie Makers Croydon</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder portable steam engine - Robey & Co Engineers Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Two-drum winding winch - no brand</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder horizontal steam engine with flywheel - Clark & Faucet Engineers Queen Street, Brisbane</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder portable steam engine (with 4 wheels) - no brand</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Mine and Battery is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as demonstrating the life cycle of a well preserved small mine in an isolated area. The battery and winding machinery show a pattern typical of small mines with intermittent production and using second hand plant. The four steam engines on site illustrate a range of manufacturers from Croydon (local manufacture), Brisbane and the United Kingdom. It is illustrative particularly of mines with small reefs with rich patches of ore, which were worked consistently on a small scale.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The survival of the two-cylinder portable engine with wheels is uncommon in the context of early mining sites. The locally manufactured Stuart & McKenzie engine may be the only extant example of this model. The kiln or oven for melting cyanide residues is rare.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the dwelling sites have the potential to provide valuable information contributing to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. Analysis of the spatial positioning of dwelling sites in relation to the processing plant and workings of the mine, and to each other, would provide new information about life and social hierarchy at isolated mines on north Queensland goldfields in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Analysis of the physical remains and associated artefacts of the dwellings would aid in our understanding of ethnicity, diet, status, and social class of people living and working on Queensland goldfields.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The combination of shafts, extent of mullock, plant, tailings as well as stone fireplace and house site evidence contributes to the significance of the place. The spatial layout of these components, for example the shafts and mullock on the hill (and winding gear for the underlie), the plant and stamper below, and the kiln and tailing sands further below the stamper, demonstrate the typical layout of a small but complete mining and milling site in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place possesses an aesthetic significance engendered by an evocative quality in the siting of remnant mining objects, machinery and workings within a sparse, arid and isolated environment.</p><br>
<p>The Riverview House is a historic house on United States Route 201 in southern Vassalboro, Maine. Built in 1796, this modest 1-1/2 story Cape house is believed to be one of the oldest surviving buildings in the town. It has additionally been home to several prominent local politicians. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Riverview House stands on the east side of US 201, a short way south of its junction with Cushnoc Street, a former alignment of the main road paralleling the Kennebec River to the north. The house is a single-story wood frame Cape, set on a granite foundation, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. An ell extending to the rear appears to be an original part of the house. The front facade is three bays wide, with windows in the outer bays and the entrance in the center, with flanking sidelight windows and a semi-oval transom window above. The door is sheltered by a Greek Revival porch, which is supported by paired columns and has a cutout gabled pediment that shows the transom window. The interior has evidence of two large chimneys, each with a cooking fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built about 1796, when it is mentioned in town tax records, and was certainly standing by 1821. Its modest features contrast it with a much more elaborate Greek Revival house that stands nearby, but is still possessed of unusually high ceilings and a comparatively elaborate interior, the result of 1830s renovations. The house was owned for many years by the Brown family, which sent three of its members to the state legislature.</p><br>
<p>The Fox Stand is a historic multipurpose commercial and residential building at 5615 Vermont Route 14 in Royalton, Vermont. Built in 1814, it served as a tavern and traveler accommodation on the turnpike  that ran along the north bank of the White River. It has been adaptively reused in a variety of configurations, most recently as a restaurant and multiunit apartment house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 as a particularly fine example of a Federal period tavern.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fox Stand stands on the west side of Vermont Route 14, at the southern end of the village of North Royalton, and just north of the bridge carrying Royalton Hill Road across the White River. It is a 2-1/2 story masonry structure, built of brick and set on a stone foundation. It has a gabled roof, with stepped gable ends and two interior chimneys. The main (east-facing) facade is six bays wide, with the main entrance roughly in the center, set in a keystoned segmented-arch opening with a transom window and sidelights. Sash windows are set in rectangular openings, with splayed stone lintels. The interior retains numerous period features, including fireplaces of brick and locally quarried soapstone, and two baking ovens.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was built in 1816-18 for Jacob Fox by Amasa Dutton, Jr., a prominent local builder. It was built to serve traffic on the White River Turnpike, opened in 1800, and as a social center for the community. Originally designed with a ballroom on the second floor, that space was used for local social events. In 1825 the tavern hosted the Marquis de Lafayette as he journeyed north to Montpelier. After the railroad was built through the area about 1850, the turnpike declined in use, and the tavern was closed. It was thereafter used for many years as a private residence, and was adapted for mixed commercial and residential use in the 1970s. It currently (as of 2015) houses a restaurant on the ground floor and apartments above.</p><br>
<p>Texas Hill is a summit and landmark in the valley of the Gila River in Yuma County, Arizona. It rises to an elevation of 784 ft from the 330 ft level of the valley around it on the north side of the river. The mountain projects out into the valley, from its north side narrowing it considerably at that point and its dark color makes it stand out for long distances up and down the valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849, during the beginning of the California Gold Rush, 49ers followed the Southern Immigrant Trail west to California along the Gila River Valley. Some of the main 49er routes from the eastern United States to the route through New Mexico Territory that passes Texas Hill, was through Texas and some of the earliest 49ers to reach California on this route came from Texas. How the summit came by the name is not known, but it had acquired the name by the time it first appeared on maps.Barnes, Will C., Arizona Place Names, University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol.IV, No.1, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1935, p.441.</p><br>
<p>Texas Hill Station, a later Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach station, one of several built in 1859 to increase the number of water stops and team changes along the drier and hotter sections of the route, was located about 2 miles east of Texas Hill.</p><br>
<p>Marston House is a historic mansion in Clinton, East Feliciana Paris, Louisiana, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marston House was built in the 1830s for the Union Bank of New Orleans. It was completed by Henry Marston, a cashier, in 1835. After the 1837 hurricane, Marston built more columns. Marston was the owner of slave plantations, and three of his sons served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Marston family until 1941, when they donated it to the East Feliciana Parish. The parish leased it to the East Feliciana Pilgrimage and Garden Club in 1958, and they held fundraisers for its restoration. In the early 2000, it was leased to TrueHeart Feliciana, which restored it with state funds. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the house was run by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In 2013, it was restored by James G. Marston III, Henry Marston&#39;s great-great-grandson.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 29, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The George Thorndike House is a historic house in Maine State Route 73 in South Thomaston, Maine. Built in 1855, it is one of the region&#39;s finest examples of Italianate architecture, its design attributed to Thomaston native Benjamin S. Deane. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George Thorndike House stands on the east side of SR 73, north of the village center of South Thomaston, part of a row of late 19th-century houses. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof topped by a large square belvedere. The walls are sheathed in flushboard that has been scored to resemble stone, and was originally painted with sand-impregnated paint to reinforce the illusion. The building has quoined corners, and a deep eave studded with paired brackets. Ground floor windows are set in segmented-arch openings topped by bracketed and eared cornices. The front facade is three bays wide, with the center entrance sheltered by a porch supported by paired square posts and topped by a bracketed roof. A 1-1/2 story gabled ell joins the house to a matching period carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1855 for George Thorndike a prominent local shipbuilder and ships captain. It was probably designed by the Bangor architect Benjamin S. Deane, a Thomaston native, but this attribution is based strictly on design similarities to Deanes work elsewhere, and his known association with the community. The house was, at the time of its construction, one of the most architecturally sophisticated in the region, and is one of only a few in central Maine from the period that has a rusticated exterior.</p><br>
<p>The Row House is a historic multiunit tenement house at 106-114 2nd Street in downtown Hallowell, Maine. Built in 1840, it is one of a small number of row houses built in 19th-century Maine, and is believed to be the oldest built of wood. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Row House stands on the east side of 2nd Street, between Winthrop and Central Streets, and just west of Water Street, the city&#39;s main commercial thoroughfare. It is a long rectangular 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. It houses for essentially identical units, each three bays wide with the entrance in the left bay. Windows are sash, and the doors are framed by broad molding with square corner blocks, and a simple narrow entablature runs below the main roof. Each unit has a single gabled dormer piercing the roof. Interiors feature period fireplaces and woodwork, the latter apparently machined.</p><br>
<p>The row house was built about 1840 for Isaac Gage, a prominent local landowner based in Boston, Massachusetts. Gage may have known architect Charles Bulfinch, a proponent of row houses whose family often summered in Hallowell, because both were members of Bostons Old South Meeting House. Bulfinchs row houses were predominantly designed for upper class owners, while this one was clearly built as a rental property for workers in Hallowell&#39;s industries. The building underwent a major restoration in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood Historic District–East is a national historic district located at Buffalo, Erie County, New York. The district encompasses 2,405 contributing buildings, 31 contributing structures, and 14 contributing objects in the Elmwood Village neighborhood of Buffalo. It is bounded on the north by Delaware Park, Forest Lawn Cemetery, and the former Buffalo State Asylum, on the south by the Allentown Historic District, and on the west by the Elmwood Historic District–West. This predominantly residential district developed between about 1867 and 1965, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Shingle Style, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and American Craftsman style architecture. The district contains one of the most intact collections of built resources from turn of the 20th century in the city of Buffalo and western New York State. Located in the district are 17 previously listed contributing resources including the Buffalo Seminary, Garret Club, James and Fanny How House, Edgar W. Howell House, Edwin M. and Emily S. Johnston House, Col. William Kelly House, Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, Parke Apartments, and the Unitarian Universalist Church of Buffalo. Other notable building include the Frank Lloyd Wright designed William R. Heath House , Herbert H. Hewitt House , School 56 , the Harlow House , A. Conger Goodyear house , Alexander Main Curtiss House , Nardin Academy campus , and Coatsworth House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Gate of the Hills is a historic house at North and Royalton Hill Roads in Bethel, Vermont. Built about 1896, it was until 1918 home to Mary E. Waller, a prolific novelist and essayist of the early 20th century. The house is also a distinctive early example of Dutch Colonial Revival architecture, probably based on designs originating in the Netherlands. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gate of the Hills stands at the southern fringe of a residential area south of Bethel village. It is set on a small level area north of the junction of North and Royalton Hill Roads, in a small clearing in the woods with a semicircular drive in front. The house is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a massive stone foundation (apparently intended to support masonry walls) and a wooden frame clad in shingles. The roof has gables at the side, and its front slope extends down to the first floor, where it shelters a recessed porch, and has three large gabled dormers above. On the rear, the roof extends only to the top of the second floor, and is slightly flared (a Dutch Colonial feature) at the base.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1896 for Mary E. Waller and her mother; its designer and builder are not known. Waller made this her primary until 1918, and it was here that she wrote some of her best-known works, including the 1904 The Wood-carver o£ &#39;Lympus, which is set in Bethel. Although she did not write directly about the house, she occasionally wrote about its surrounding environment. The house itself is an unusual combination of American Shingle style architecture, with a number of distinctive features presaging the later Dutch Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Aledo Historic District is a national historic district located in downtown Aledo, Illinois. The district includes 75 contributing buildings and a park. The majority of the buildings are commercial structures, but the district also includes the citys Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad station and both the citys and Mercer County&#39;s major government buildings. Development in the district began in the 1850s, and the oldest surviving buildings date from the following decade. The district includes examples of many prominent American architectural styles from the mid-19th century onward; the most prevalent styles are Classical Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Italianate.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 2016. Two buildings in the district, the Mercer County Courthouse and Mercer County Jail, are listed independently in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Lochrutton Loch is a large, lowland freshwater loch that lies to the west of Dumfries, Scotland. The loch trends from north to south and is 0.75 mi long and 0.5 mi at its widest point. It has an average depth of 13 ft and is 58 ft at its deepest. The loch was surveyed on 1 May 1905 by James Murray and L.W. Collett as part of Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the loch are the remains of a crannog known as Dutton&#39;s cairn. It was excavated between 1901 and 1902 and found to have a circular cairn of earth, with a diameter of approximately 80 ft. The crannog is thought to date from the Early Iron Age and was occupied until the Middle Ages. Finds from the excavation included a jet cross dating from the 13th century.</p><br>
<p>The loch is populated with bream, perch, pike and roach. No permit is required to fish on the loch.</p><br>
<p>The Odell Building is a historic library and museum located at 202 East Lincolnway Road in Morrison, Illinois. The building was constructed in 1865 and originally served as Morrisons Congregational Church. In 1887, John D. Odell deeded the building to Morrisons library association, which had been established ten years earlier; the library named the building in his honor. The building held both the librarys collection of books and a museum that included fossils, animal specimens, artifacts, and several other collections. The library became Morrisons public library in 1905 and remained as such until 1995, when the city built a new library.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Richardson-Jakway House is a historic residence located south of Aurora, Iowa, United States. Maine native Abiathar Richardson settled in Buchanan County in 1849 and built this house in 1851. It is a 1½-story heavy timber framed vernacular house. In 1857 he then laid out the town of Buffalo Grove on his property. It was later called Buchanan and then Mudville. Richardson was the first postmaster, and it is thought his house served as the first post office and possibly as a hotel. The town started to decline rapidly when the railroad went to the north in 1886 and Aurora was established. It became part of a farmstead after the town disappeared. The house stayed in the Richardson family until 1895 when Charles Jakway bought it. The Jakway family retained it until 1967. The Buchanan County Conservation Commission acquired it in 1969, and it is now a part of Jakway Forest County Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Robert R. and Julia L. Plane House is a historic residence located in Independence, Iowa, United States. Built in 1885, this 2½-story frame house is locally significant as an intact example of the Stick Style. The construction of the house is attributed to local builder Jacob Manz, a German immigrant who lived in several places in the United States before settling in Independence. The decoration of the house remained consistent, even after an addition was built onto the back and the enlargement of the front porch. Robert and Julia Plane were married in 1882. She was his second wife as his first wife Emeline had died in 1878. He owned a hardware store downtown. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Eliphalet W. and Catherine E. Jaquish Purdy House is a historic residence located in Independence, Iowa, United States. Built in 1882, this 2½-story frame house is locally significant as the best example of the Italianate style in town. Eliphalet W. Purdy and Catherine E. Jaquish were both New York natives who were married in 1851. They relocated to Galena, Illinois before settling in Independence in 1856. He established the Montour House, a respected hotel located downtown. Three generations of the Purdy family lived here until Dennis and Maxine Goodyear bought the house in 1985. This is one of five houses in Independence with similar ornamentation and floor plan, but this house is the largest and least altered. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Judd C. and Margaret S. Clarke Shellito House is a historic residence located in Independence, Iowa, United States. Built in 1917, this 2½-story brick house is locally significant as the best example of the Colonial Revival style in town. It was designed by Independence architect Harry E. Netcott. The main block of the house is five bays wide. There is a two-story solarium on the south side. The main entrance is framed by classical pilasters and pediment composed of cut stone. The house was a wedding from Dr. Amos G. and Nellie Sheilito, to their son and his new wife. At the time the house was completed Judd was serving in the military during World War I. He died in an auto accident west of Cedar Rapids in 1933. Margaret died in 1984. Three years prior the Rev. Dr. Eugene and Marna Hancock bought the house from the Shellito family. Because of the stability of ownership, the house has changed very little. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex is a heritage-listed mining camp at Normanton Road , Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It commenced in 1886. It is also known as Golden Gate Township, Croydon Consols Pump Shaft, Golden Gate No.10 North Mine, Golden Gate Cemetery, Croydon Consols Battery and Cyanide Plant, and Golden Gate Mine. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Golden Gate reef on the Croydon Goldfield, northwest of the town of Croydon, was first worked in 1886 but abandoned in 1887. Work recommenced in 1891 with production continuing until a decline in 1915. The Golden Gate proved to be the most productive reef on the field, attracting commercial interest and capital in mines such as Golden Gate No.1, Croydon Consols (which distributed £20,000 in dividends in 1896), No. 7 North, Nos. 3 and 4 South (which distributed over £72,000 in dividends in 1900), and No. 5 South. The township was surveyed in 1893, although buildings were established before this. The population of the township declined until it was deserted in 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Croydon Goldfield</h3><br>
<p>The earliest gold finds in the Croydon district were made by pastoralist William Brown and two of his station hands, who discovered a reef in mid-1883. Additional finds soon followed, mostly around the developing township of Croydon. On 18 January 1886 the area was declared the Croydon Goldfield and by the end of the year the population had grown to approximately 2,000. During 1887 the field boomed, the population trebling to around 6,000. At this period, gold yields from the Croydon field were second only to those recorded from Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>Some mines close to Croydon township failed around 1890 when the ore was found to be cut by a wall of granite. However, rich discoveries in 1891 at the Golden Gate reef to the northwest compensated for this. The 1890s proved to be the most productive years for the Croydon Goldfield, despite increasing competition from emerging mining enterprises in South Africa and Western Australia. Most mining companies on the field were local concerns and Croydon brokers established a local stock exchange in 1892. The bank crash of 1893 was a setback for local capital and economic activity on the field waned temporarily.</p><br>
<p>The township of Croydon, which emerged as the social, administrative and commercial centre of the field, was declared a municipality in 1892, under the control of the Croydon Divisional Board. In 1907, administration passed to the Croydon Shire Council. From the mid-1880s satellite communities were established at many of the outlying reefs, with townships being formed at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron and Twelve Mile, and campsites at Homeward Bound, Croydon King, Mark Twain, Lower Twelve Mile, Mulligans, Flanagans, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate reef</h3><br>
<p>The first claim on the reef, the Golden Gate PC, was taken up by Joseph Hardy and James Fulton in April 1886. However, yields from the Golden Gate claims were meagre until 1891, when a rich ore chute was discovered in Rogers&#39; No. 1 Golden Gate mine. The large, well defined, north/northwest bearing Golden Gate reef contained gold- bearing quartz with abundant sulphides and was mined over a total length of 2.5 km. Records suggest that payable ore was limited to a vertical depth of approximately 90m. Its most productive years, between 1886 and 1911, showed a yield of 483,000 ounces of gold from 244,364 tons of ore. This production totalled more than one-third of the entire Croydon yield.</p><br>
<p>Important reefs in the area included the Golden Gate, Nancy Lee, Banner of Freedom and Winning Post. Mines in the area included Golden Gate Nos. 5, 7 and 10, Golden Gate United, Golden Gate Consols, Traceys Block, Morgans Block, Rogers No.1 and Plants Block.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the Golden Gate was still producing prodigious amounts of gold, but despite this, the profitability of the Croydon Goldfield was in decline. Despite extensive efforts to secure new payable lodes, it was the lack of success of deep exploration that spelled the end of mining at Croydon. Gold production declined during the years leading up to World War I and by 1915 most mining activities had ceased.</p><br>
<h3>Rogers' No. 1 Golden Gate</h3><br>
<p>Rogers&#39; No. 1 Golden Gate mine was one of the three major mines on this line along with the Golden Gate Consols and Golden Gate Nos. 3 and 4 South. James Rogers, an Irishman who came to Croydon in 1889 from Charters Towers owned and developed several mines on the Golden Gate reef and was also mayor of Croydon. The largest shareholder on the Golden Gate, Rogers obtained a government subsidy for deep sinking in 1894, which paid off with a rich find at 120 feet in 1896, with 3,800 ounces of gold obtained. The reef had been traced to a width of ten feet in 1897 and produced 12,560 ounces of gold that year from 8,393 tons of quartz. This provided an excellent advertisement for selling the Golden Gate No. 1 on the English market. An English company completed the purchase and Rogers received one fifth of the shares. The company intended to spend £25,000 on machinery and development and on changeover in 1899 they immediately proceeded with a further deep sinking project.</p><br>
<p>Further development work was required to enable the mine to be worked systematically and the Rogers Golden Gate produced 3,295 tons of quartz yielding 3,947 ounces of gold in 1900. The mine was worked with two stem engines of eight and ten horsepower, two sets of double winding gear, one steam pump, and one whip, valued at £850. In 1902 additional plant was erected including three steam engines with a total of 51 horsepower, one single and two sets of double winding gear. The straight shaft was done to 510 feet and the underlie of the extended shaft down to 531 feet. The mine kept 15 head of stamps at the Golden Gate mill constantly employed. The mine was partly tributed in 1904 with the tributers doing well. In 1906 Rogers Golden Gate was the Golden Gate line&#39;s largest producer - 2,000 tons for 10,527 ounces by the tributers.</p><br>
<h3>No. 3 and 4 South Golden Gate Mine and Mill Site</h3><br>
<p>This mine was one of the most successful on the field and went to a depth of approximately 400 feet. In the two years after its establishment in 1898 they produced 9,673 tons of quartz for a yield of 36,296 ounces of gold valued at £96,927. The mine was known as Cashman&#39;s and the private syndicate of owners was preparing in 1900 to work the mine towards the Golden Gate United reef end on an extensive scale. The ore from the mine was crushed at the Enterprise mill and in March 1900 James Davis had purchased the whole of the tailings of Golden Gate No. 3 and 4 South to be cyanided at the new Station Creek cyanide treatment works. Frederick William Cuthbert, a well known Croydon mining agent, purchased the No. 3 and 4 Golden Gate South and profited handsomely in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The mine produced a total of 31,960 tons of quartz yielding 91,917 ounces of gold bullion valued at £238,984, the largest of any of the Golden Gate mines. Gold production quickly dwindled at the mine after 1905, down to 292 ounces in 1908.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate Consols Mine</h3><br>
<p>This mine was known initially as Golden Gate No.8 North and is located at the western end of the Golden Gate complex, between Rogers Gully and Golden Gate Creek. A 4 feet 6 inch (1.3m) reef, located at 86 feet (26m) in 1893, produced 363 ounces of gold that year.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 the mine was sold to an English company, Croydon Consols Limited (nominal capital of £100,000 in 400,000 shares), for £16,000, to be paid in instalments. The new company managed the mine well, straightening and timbering the shaft, erecting a headframe and introducing steel buckets in place of greenhide. In 1896 the main shaft was sunk to 380 feet (116m), making Golden Gate Consols the deepest mine on the field. In that year the mine produced 22,815 ounces of gold, which enabled the company to declare a dividend of £28,000 - in excess of profits obtained from any mine on the Croydon goldfield to that date. The following year the company undertook further sinking and produced 11,390 ounces of gold from 2,871 tons of quartz.</p><br>
<p>In September 1900 a rich leader was discovered, which sent shares up to a shilling. A new underlie shaft sunk in 1900 was equipped with winding plant (engine and boiler) made locally by Messrs Stuart and McKenzie of the Union Foundry, Croydon. During the next decade this mine was one of the leading producers on the Croydon Goldfield, yielding 81,629 ounces from 32,877 tons of stone (an average of 2.48 ounces per ton) or 19% of the total gold produced from Croydon field quartz crushing in the period.</p><br>
<h3>Croydon Consols Battery and Cyanide Plant</h3><br>
<p>Ore from the Golden Gate line of reefs was crushed initially at the Enterprise battery on Station (now Belmore) Creek. Owned by the Golden Gate Milling Company, the Croydon Consols battery (also known as Richardsons mill) comprised one 18 horsepower steam engine, 15 stamps weight nine hundredweight, six Berdan or Wheeler pans, and one pump and was valued at £3,000 in 1900. The mill was effectively double in size the next year with one 32 horsepower steam engine, 30 stamps weighing ten hundredweight, 12 Berdan and Wheeler pans, three Whifley concentrators, and four pumps valued at £6,000. The following year another steam engine was obtained and a dam was constructed bringing the value to £7,000. The mills production declined rapidly after 1906, however it was still employing 16 hands in 1913 and had five or six others employed obtaining lime from Sweers Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria.</p><br>
<p>Cyanidation of tailings commenced on the Croydon Goldfield in 1894. The Croydon Consols cyaniding plant operated between 1897 and 1904, during which period 9,500 tons of tailings were treated for a yield of 7,000 ounces of gold bullion. In 1897 the plant comprised one 12 hp steam engine, ten vats each of 50 tons each, two sumps each of 50 tons, two solution vats each of 50 tons, four recovery boxes and six pumps, the whole valued at £3,000. It was reduced in 1901 to a 6 hp steam engine, four 40 ton vats, two sumps each 3,960 gallons, one solution vat of 4,000 gallons capacity, two recovery boxes and a pump, valued at £1,500.</p><br>
<h3>Croydon Consols Pump Shaft</h3><br>
<p>Continued exploitation of the Croydon reefs required deep exploration, which proved difficult: as the mines became deeper and were interconnected for ventilation or prospecting, water in one would mean water problems in all. This difficulty was partially solved in 1898 by the construction of a large pump at the Croydon Consol mine.</p><br>
<p>Following a huge and costly inundation of the Golden Gate Consols mine in 1898, then the deepest mine on the field, the owners let a contract for £3,000 to Walkers Limited of Maryborough for pumping equipment. The plant was installed by Emslie Limited of Croydon in the first six weeks of 1899 and commenced operation in February that year. In 1901 the plant incorporated both single and double winding gear, three steam engines of 54 hp, six pumps, an air compressor and a rock drill, valued at £7,000. It was by far the most valuable pumping equipment on the goldfield and technically the most up-to-date. The pump also delivered water to the Golden Gate Milling Company mill in 1900. The pumping equipment remained in use until the closure of the mine in 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate No.10 North Mine</h3><br>
<p>It is not known when the Golden Gate No.10 mine on the northern edge of the Golden Gate reef commenced operations, but it is marked on Rands&#39; 1896 map. At the northern end of the line of reef, at varying distances from Golden Gate Creek, a number of prospecting shafts were sunk to try and find a continuation of the reef, which had proved so productive further south. No.10 North was at the northern end of the field and here the reef became well defined, although there was a convergence of faults. Mining operations were conducted on a large scale in exploring the reef up to 1906.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 there is again record of the Golden Gate No.10 North mine being worked. By August that year Messrs. Hayman and Ah Foo, supported by a strong local syndicate, had de-watered the mine and were sinking a monkey shaft in the No. 2 North level in the hope of picking up the reef.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Golden Gate No. 10 North was the only mine working in the Croydon district, but efforts to locate the continuation of the reef past the fault were disappointing. A shoot at the 34m level yielded 55 ounces of gold from a crushing of 16 tons. There are no further records after this time.</p><br>
<h3>Morgan's Shaft</h3><br>
<p>H.F Morgan, an old speculator of the field, formed the local Golden Gate United Block and 98 block Gold Mining Company Limited in 1899 on striking the reef at Golden Gate No. 4 and 5 South Block. The shaft, commenced in 1899, continued to be sunk through 1900, before striking water and having to constantly bail in 1901. A powerful pump was installed. In 1902 the shaft cut the Golden Gate reef at 480 feet and they sunk an underlie for 142 feet however the reef was not payable and the straight shaft was the outlet for the water. Surrounding mines contributed to the sinking and bailing as their mines would eventually be flooded otherwise.</p><br>
<p>The 98 Block Gold Mining Company Limited registered as the Golden Gate Amalgamated Blocks Limited in 1904 and used the Morgan&#39;s Shaft to test the deep ground in Golden Gate Consols mine and Golden Gate Gold mines. However water continued to be an issue. The shaft continued to serve the Golden Gate No. 8 and No. 10 lines up until 1914 when despite two shifts a day bailing water from the shaft, the flow could not be contained.</p><br>
<h3>Township of Golden Gate</h3><br>
<p>The township of Golden Gate, approximately 8 km northwest of Croydon, was surveyed by W. A. Irwin in April 1893, comparatively late in the history of the field, although there were buildings constructed well before this. Along with other "satellite" communities established at outlying reefs, Golden Gate developed around the main administrative and commercial centre of Croydon. Members of the outlying communities would visit Croydon on Saturday nights to shop, conduct their business and socialise. The Chinese community of Croydon provided essential support to the surrounding communities through their market gardens. Mines serviced by Golden Gate included Golden Gate Nos 1 to 10, Golden Gate United, Golden Gate Consols, Traceys Block, Morgans Block, Rogers No. 1, and Plants Block, the deepest mine on the Croydon goldfield.</p><br>
<p>A railway station was opened at Golden Gate when the Normanton to Croydon railway commenced operation in 1891, and was relocated over a mile to the west in 1892. By 1894 the small township boasted a population of 250, which had risen to 600 by 1900, supporting 11 hotels, one billiards saloon, over a dozen stores, a blacksmith, three churches, three butchers and several carters, carriers and coach proprietors. A school operated from 1896 to 1921, and a post office from 1891 to 1919. Production declined during the years leading up to World War I, and the population of the township similarly declined, particularly after the closure of Forsythe&#39;s Pioneer Mill in 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Golden Gate Cemetery is one of at least ten cemeteries which served the Croydon area after it was declared a goldfield in 1886. It is situated adjacent to the Golden Gate Township on the western side of the Normanton to Croydon railway. It does not appear to have been gazetted and was probably in use from the establishment of mining settlement in the mid-1880s until the new cemetery at Station Creek was surveyed in 1899 and gazetted in 1900. The heritage-listed Station Creek Cemetery, surveyed in 1899, was known initially as the Golden Gate Cemetery. Located midway between the Golden Gate group of mines and the Sunset group of mines, it appears to have served both communities.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex is located approximately 8 km northwest of Croydon, adjacent to the heritage-listed Normanton- Croydon railway line and the Gulf Developmental Road. The site includes remnants of the Rogers No. 1 Mine, No. 3 and 4 South Golden Gate Mine and Mill, Morgans Shaft, Golden Gate Consols Mine, Croydon Consols Battery and Cyanide Plant, Croydon Consols Pump Shaft, Golden Gate No.10 North Mine, Golden Gate Township, and Golden Gate Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Rogers' No. 1 Golden Gate Mine</h3><br>
<p>The mine is located in the vicinity of the Gulf Developmental Road approximately 500m to the south of the Golden Gate Consols Mine. A brick flue, Cornish boiler and winding engine foundations were recorded as remaining on site in 1992.</p><br>
<h3>No. 3 and 4 South Golden Gate Mine and Mill, and Morgan's Shaft</h3><br>
<p>Located towards the south end of the complex, this site retains a boiler, engine remains, boiler and mill foundations, winding engine, tanks, shaft and mullock heaps.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate Consols Mine</h3><br>
<p>This mine is located about 200m north of the Gulf Developmental Road, on the east side of Golden Gate Creek, and over 500m southwest of the Croydon Consols Battery and Cyanide Plant. The place comprises a shaft, mullock dump, retaining walls, winding plant, boilers, chimney base and ship&#39;s tanks.</p><br>
<h3>Croydon Consols Battery and Cyanide Plant</h3><br>
<p>The main component groups are a battery site and a cyanide plant. The battery site includes boilers, concrete and stone mounts and foundations, and steam engines. An earth formation for a tramway runs southward from the battery, past an earth reservoir site, to two small tailings dumps. The cyanide plant is centred 150m south of the battery, with a recent tailings dump extending some distance to its west and covering the site of most of the former Golden Gate Township. Sections of a chain of tailings buckets (not in situ) are located at the battery end of the cyanide plant. The surviving remnants include tailings bucket chains, a boiler, an engine, timber stump foundations and concrete ponds.</p><br>
<h3>Croydon Consols Pump Shaft</h3><br>
<p>The Croydon Consuls Pump Shaft is located about 150m north-west of the Croydon Consols cyanide plant, between the western end of the tailings dump and the eastern bank of Golden Gate Creek. The place contains a high mullock dump, which extends on the west to the bank of the creek. The site includes remains of a shaft, pump arm, concrete and log mounts, engine parts, a winding unit and a boiler.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate No. 10 North Mine</h3><br>
<p>This mine is located on the western bank of Golden Gate Creek about 150m north of the Croydon Consols pump shaft and about 200m west of the Croydon Consols battery site. The remains include the mine shaft, steam engines, winding unit and boilers.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate Township</h3><br>
<p>The centre of the township is on the northern side of the railway. Parts of this are now destroyed by the Gulf Developmental Road and farm tracks. The central tailings dump associated with the mines along the Golden Gate reef, also now covers much of the former Golden Gate Township. Evidence of township habitation is located at the southern end of the Golden Gate Consols mine site. No extant structures survive but the remains of dwellings are found throughout the re-growth savannah woodland. These include earth floors, some stone footings, vertical sections of corrugated iron walls (possibly rat walls) set into the ground, and associated scatters of broken bottle glass, bricks, stove remains, sheet iron, tins and domestic ceramics. There are also some minor surface workings in and around the township site. There are further signs of habitation on the southern side of railway, connecting with the Golden Gate Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Gate Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The Golden Gate Cemetery is located to the southwest of the railway and the former Golden Gate township, approximately 230m west of the Gulf Developmental Road. There are believed to be 19 graves in the cemetery. Only two graves have iron railings and two have sandstone surrounds. One of the graves with a metal railing has been subject to an exhumation. A further eight possible graves have been identified from soil disturbance and concentration of rocks.</p><br>
<h3>Other Domestic Remains</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence of domestic habitation occurs outside the township area. Examples occur at the southern end of the listing boundary on the west side of the railway line where there is a large scatter of domestic artefacts including glass bottles, bricks, ceramics and metal items. There is also some structural evidence consisting of stone and concrete which may be steps.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex, which contains remnants of mine workings, battery, cyanide plant, township and cemetery, has the potential to provide information on important aspects of Queensland&#39;s history, especially early gold mining practices and treatment processes, and patterns of settlement in North Queensland. The Golden Gate Reef was the most productive on the Croydon goldfield and the complex demonstrates the pattern and development of gold mining on this important field.</p><br>
<p>The complex features extensive archaeological evidence relating to a wide range of gold mining and processing activities. The place contains the largest surviving assemblage of early boiler and steam engine power plant recorded in North Queensland. The cyanide plant is amongst the earliest and most intact recorded in North Queensland and the tailings bucket chain and stumps and supports for the vats are now rare remains. The site contains a very rare undertype semi-portable steam engine and winching unit and a 4.5m high vertical boiler which is the largest of this type recorded in North Queensland. The pump shaft contains the only surviving beam pump arm recorded in the Georgetown-Croydon district.</p><br>
<p>Artefactual material has been identified in the former town site and surrounding areas in surface and subsurface deposits. This material includes domestic refuse such as glass bottles, bricks, domestic ceramics, stove remains, tins and sheet iron. Due to the extensive size of the identifiable archaeological materials a high degree of archaeological integrity remains. The cemetery at Golden Gate retains substantial physical evidence including iron railings, sandstone surrounds and soil disturbance.</p><br>
<p>The mine workings, battery, and cyanide plant at Golden Gate provides a rare opportunity to examine, through archaeological remains, a wide range of gold mining and processing activities and technologies. The spatial organisation and layout of the complex&#39;s extensive archaeological evidence including shafts, machinery and other physical remains has the potential to reveal information about early gold mining operations and provide an understanding of the continuity and change in gold mining practices. Archaeological investigation of the Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex also provides for comparative and complementary research into other gold mining operations on the Croydon goldfield, including Enterprise Battery, Content Mine and the Homeward Bound Battery and Dam.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations at the Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex have potential to answer important research questions about the community&#39;s establishment, development, interaction, trade and decline. The archaeological evidence will provide information on the spatial organisation and pattern of the site, and of the interrelationships between mining, residential and commercial activities. The use of a cultural landscape approach to the archaeological investigation of Golden Gate will enable the examination of the network of satellite communities and their association with Croydon as the social and administrative centre. Physical and social connections can be investigated archaeologically through an examination of roadways, railways, domestic material culture and industrial technology. An understanding of the collective experiences of such communities may be gained through further research into the site, particularly given the level of intra-site complexity.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological research into the cemetery at Golden Gate has the potential to provide information on social aspects of the isolated community. Analysis of the types and styles of burials and grave markers, and the layout and organisation of the cemetery, have the potential to reveal information on such research questions as ethnicity, religion and social division within the community. Archaeological analysis of the remains of those buried in the cemetery also has the potential to reveal details of the health and living conditions of the residents of the township. Such research provides for comparative and complementary investigations at other cemeteries related to mining communities, including nearby Station Creek Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex provides the potential to examine social and ethnic groups not present or well represented in the historical record. Archaeological investigations have the potential to examine the presence and involvement of Chinese people in mining operations and in support economies through examination of domestic material culture and mining technologies. The presence and interaction of Aboriginal people with members of the Golden Gate community has the potential to be revealed in the archaeological evidence. Archaeological examination of the ethnic groups within the mining community, such as Irish, Cornish or Scottish, also has the potential to increase understanding of the social dynamics of such groups in mining communities in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Given the complexity of the Golden Gate Mining and Town Complex a wide range of additional archaeological research potential exists, including but not limited to examination of gender, labour relations and class.</p><br>
<p>Westpac Bank Building is a heritage-listed bank building at Landsborough Street, Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1886. It is also known as Bank of New South Wales. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single storey timber building was constructed in 1886 as the permanent premises for the Normanton branch of the Bank of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1880s Normanton, on the Norman River, had developed as the port for a large extent of pastoral and mining country, including the Cloncurry gold and copper fields, and the Etheridge and Croydon goldfields. The development of banking facilities was important to the commercial role of Normanton as a supply centre for the Gulf of Carpentaria region. Normanton was constituted a municipality in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales commenced trading in Normanton in 1884 in rented premises, acquiring the present site in 1885. The building was designed by Richard Gailey, who was responsible for the design of bank buildings elsewhere in Queensland during the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as both the bank premises and manager&#39;s residence until the late 1960s when the manager moved to a new residence. The residential component of the building was kept as staff quarters until 1971 when it was replaced by new staff quarters at the rear of the bank building.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 substantial internal alterations were undertaken to the premises to update the banking facilities. The verandahs which had been enclosed by the mid 1960s were reopened.</p><br>
<p>In October 1982 the Bank of New South Wales acquired the Commercial Bank of Australia and then renamed itself Westpac Banking Corporation.</p><br>
<p>A storage shed was erected on the site in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Westpac Bank is the only remaining banking facility in Normanton.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on the corner of Landsborough and Little Brown Streets, the Normanton Westpac Bank is a single-storeyed exposed frame timber building on timber stumps, with a corrugated iron pyramid roof. It has wide timber verandahs on three sides which have corrugated iron skillion roofs. The bank has a simple rectangular plan, with a "book room" in the eastern corner. There is a weatherboard annex and s staff quarters to the rear of the bank.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is modestly detailed, with bracing, studding and nogging over tongue-and-groove boarding, paired shaped eaves brackets under the main roof, and timber doors and double hung sash windows. The verandah has square timber posts with a braced balustrade. The Landsborough Street elevation has central timber stairs with a timber pediment above the landing. The Little Brown Street elevation has timber stairs, new doors, and a partially enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, surviving evidence of earlier operations of the bank include gold scales and the manager&#39;s safes.</p><br>
<p>The Landsborough and Little Brown Street elevations are intact, and the building contributes to the townscape of Normanton.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Westpac Bank, Normanton was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton Westpac Bank, erected in 1886, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the pattern of development of the Gulf region of north-west Queensland, and the development of Normanton as a commercial centre for the Gulf region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is significant as a rare example of a large timber bank building, with early scales and safes, surviving in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is significant as a rare example of a large timber bank building, with early scales and safes, surviving in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its contribution to the townscape of Normanton.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a banking premises in continuous use in Normanton since 1886, it has a strong association with the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the work of Richard Gailey, as one of a number of rural bank buildings designed by Gailey during the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Normanton railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at Matilda Street, Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1889. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. It serves as a tourist attraction and station for the Gulflander line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The railway complex at Normanton consists of the major buildings of an important inland railway terminus of the Normanton to Croydon railway line connecting the port of Normanton with the goldfield at Croydon.</p><br>
<p>A railway line between Normanton and Cloncurry had been discussed as early as 1883 and was approved by Queensland Parliament in 1886. This was a difficult stretch for carriers and a rail link would have been valuable to pastoral stations in the area and would also have served the Cloncurry Copper Mine. It was at the time intended to eventually link the new line with the Great Northern Railway connecting Charters Towers and the important port of Townsville. However, in November 1885 a major gold strike was reported at Belmore Station, 145 km east of Normanton and by the end of 1886 the population of the Croydon field was 2000 and 6000 in the following year. Transportation was a major problem and access to this field became more important than the link to Cloncurry. It was decided to divert the line to Croydon. Tenders were called in July 1887 and the first section to Haydon began in May 1888. The work was designed and supervised by George Phillips and this section opened on 7 May 1889. The current route of the line was finalised in 1889 and reached Croydon on 7 July 1891, opening on the 20 July.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 Phillips had taken part in the exploration of the country around Normanton with William Landsborough, working for him a surveyor. Soon afterwards, he surveyed the area chosen as a port to become the town of Normanton. The country was difficult for conventional railway tracks due to flooding, lack of suitable timber and voracious termites. In 1884 Phillips patented a system for taking railways across such country which utilised special U section steel sleepers laid directly on the ground. During floods the line could be submerged without washing out the ballast and embankments normally used, so that it could quickly be put back into service when the waters subsided. The steel sleepers were also impervious to termite attack, and although initially more expensive than timber sleepers, were cheaper to lay and maintain. It was this system that was specified for the Normanton to Croydon line and Phillips was engaged to supervise the construction. After the railway was completed he maintained an interest in the area, serving as Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Carpentaria, inspecting artesian bores and writing a report on ports and railways in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The station building and carriage shade were designed under Phillips direction by James Gartside, a draftsman for the department. and were built about 1889. The line was opened in 1891. At its peak, the complex at Normanton consisted of a station building containing a telegraph office, station masters and traffic managers offices, clerks room, waiting room, parcels and cloak room, booking office, and a ladies room with a ramp to ladies-only earth closets. Attached to the station building, and sheltering the platform and three tracks, was an arcaded carriage shade with a curved roof.</p><br>
<p>The terminus also had a large goods shed with a crane and because the line was isolated, a workshop area comprising a maintenance store, suspense stores, a timber shed, tanks, locomotive store, fitting shop, carpenters and blacksmiths shops, timber shed, gantry and engine shed. There was also a horse and carriage dock, porters and lamp rooms, closets, and a tool house nearby. Residences for the station master, enginemen and guard were located south-east of Landsborough St. The traffic managers house and stables adjoined where the wharf line departed for the Margaret and Jane landing on the Norman River.The goldfield at Croydon did not sustain its initial success. By the early 1900s its output had dropped considerably and after World War I when widespread mining diminished, it was obvious that the field would not recover. Traffic on the line was never high and steadily declined, although its value as a community service and a vital link during the wet season kept the line open. This was because the Phillips system worked well and the track could be put back into use almost immediately after flooding, whereas roads stayed impassable for much longer. Fortunately, the track took less maintenance than standard track because in the early 1920s the number of services and staff were considerably reduced. In the 1930s, all weather roads made the railway less important, but until the late 1960s the rail remained a vital transport link in the area. The terminus now functions largely as a tourist attraction. One railmotor was restored and named the "Gulflander" in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Although the line initially used steam locomotives, supplying enough suitable water for them locomotives was a problem from the beginning on this line and trains eventually carried water trucks. Railmotors were also more economical to run, so in 1922 the first railmotor, a Panhard, was tried on this route. In 1929 steam locomotives were discontinued and railmotors only were used. Diesel locomotives supplemented these in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Some of the working buildings at the terminus deteriorated and were removed including the workshops, carpenters and blacksmiths, though the sites can be still plainly seen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The buildings at Normanton railway station are located at the edge of the town on a very level site which makes the buildings stand out sharply against the skyline. The surviving buildings comprise the station building with its attached carriage shade, the goods shed, water tank, vertical boiler and some relatively modern buildings such as the Officer in Charge&#39;s house at the Landsborough Street crossing.</p><br>
<p>The station building is rectangular in plan with offices on either side of a cental arched passage and is constructed of corrugated iron and timber on a slab laid on the ground. The timber wall frame is exposed and has cross braced studs which have been used to decorative effect. It has timber framed sash windows and is lined on the inside with vertical corrugated iron sheeting. The hipped roof is also clad with this material. A verandah with a curved corrugated iron roof stretches along the sides and street elevation where a small gable in the verandah roof marks the entrance. The rooms are now used as museum, store, shop, tea room and an room for the officer in charge. The ceilings are timber lined and retain early colour schemes. Some original furniture remains.</p><br>
<p>From the platform side of the building arches a huge steel framed carriage shade supported with decorated cast iron columns made by the Toowoomba Foundry that supplied some of the steel sleepers. It extends over three tracks and has a continuous ridge vent. The bow string trusses are exposed at each end of the arcade and a scalloped sheet metal fringe edges the curved roof at each end of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The goods shed faces the station across further lines and is also of corrugated iron, although far more utilitarian in design. Even so, its simple lines and arched entrances complement the more ornate nature of that building. It has an internal loading platform. The outside loading platform has a 5-ton Ransomes and Rapier of London crane dating from about 1902.</p><br>
<p>The water tank is located near the site of the engine shed and is a single tier tank on a cast iron stand manufactured by Haslam and Co Ltd, of Derby. The site of the workshops consist of the footings, base walls, slabs and inspection pits. A vertical boiler by A. Overend & Co survives at the southern end of the fitting shop area. Also scattered through the yards are the remains of several locomotives, tenders and section of line and sleepers.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Normanton railway station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The railway station at Normanton, as an important part of the Normanton to Croydon railway line, demonstrates the pattern of development in Queensland in which the railways linked ports with inland resources, particularly mineral fields. The terminus was intended eventually to serve lines to Cloncurry and other centres, so that its scale reflects the prosperity of the area at the time and its prospective importance.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a substantially intact and distinctive terminal station for an isolated inland railway system, retaining a carriage shade attached to the station building which shields the platform and tracks, plus a goods shed with its original crane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton railway station is a well executed and interesting example of late nineteenth century railway architecture in Queensland. In a flat and open landscape, the scale, form and skilful use of vernacular materials make the terminus a striking and important component of the townscape of Normanton.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton railway station is a well executed and interesting example of late nineteenth century railway architecture in Queensland. In a flat and open landscape, the scale, form and skilful use of vernacular materials make the terminus a striking and important component of the townscape of Normanton.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The railway itself, with its use of low level submersible track and Phillips patented steel sleepers, was an important technical innovation which has proved remarkably durable. The terminus buildings designed by Phillips also show an imaginative and practical use of materials in this difficult location.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The terminus has strong associations with the life and work of George Phillips, who helped to explore and survey the area, served for several years as its Parliamentary representative and designed and supervised the building of the railway. It is also associated with James Gartside who prepared the designs for the terminus buildings under Phillips&#39; direction.</p><br>
<p>Normanton Gaol is a heritage-listed former prison at 27 Haigh Street, Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Taylor Jack and built from 1892 to 1899 by the Department of Public Works. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Normanton Gaol is a complex of two buildings, consisting of a single-storeyed cement and corrugated iron cell block constructed between 1892 and 1899, and a smaller timber and corrugated iron building formerly used as the trackers quarters.</p><br>
<p>Normanton, gazetted as a town in 1868, was originally settled to provide port facilities as an alternative to the Burketown port. The port facilities, situated sixty kilometres upstream from the Gulf of Carpentaria provided access for incoming goods as well as allowing for a more efficient trade route to Brisbane from the Carpentaria region. The site for Normanton is located on an ironstone ridge, protecting it from the topographic changes that occur during the wet season. Although the region had been opened up as a pastoral district during the 1860s for cattle, it was the discovery of gold at Croydon in 1885, that saw the township boom. The Normanton-Croydon railway opened in 1891 and road links to the Cloncurry copper fields saw Normanton port become a gateway for the north-western region of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>From the earliest days of the township, an important element in the Normanton community was the variety of cultures that were evident. As well as the pioneering European settlers, in themselves a diverse cultural group, a significant minority of Chinese immigrants were attracted to the area through the Croydon goldfields. Fringe camps of Aboriginal peoples, originally located on the northern side of the Norman River, developed into large groups by the turn of the century. Some of these peoples were removed to reserves on Mornington Island in 1914 and Doomadgee in 1936. Fringe camps endured and were similar in character to those found in other townships of the Gulf region.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 Normanton became the central town of the police district and therefore the court district. On 25 November 1890 The Prisons Act assented with the aim to consolidate and amend the law relating to gaols, prisons, houses of correction and penal establishments. This Act created a prisons department under the control of the Comptroller General and clarified the distinction between a Police Gaol, being a specially proclaimed lock up or watch house, and a prison. As a result of this Act Normanton was initially proclaimed a Police Goal in 1891, possibly as an interim measure until the construction on the larger site could be undertaken. In 1890 a gaol reserve of nine acres was proclaimed on the outskirts of town adjacent to the hospital reserve. Plans were drawn up for the Gaol reserve by William Taylor Jack who was working in Normanton as the Foreman of Works for the Department of Public Works at the time. These plans incorporated warder&#39;s residence and a total of twenty four cells.</p><br>
<p>The gaol was eventually built on an unproclaimed reserve in Borck street (now Haig street) and was a far more modest four cells. The Police Gaol proclamation was rescinded in 1893 when it was proclaimed a prison. The deferment of the status of prison is an indication of the stature of Normanton amongst townships in the Carpentaria Gulf region. Locating the gaol in the centre of town maintained a close proximity between the gaol, police reserve and the Court House. The location allowed Normanton Gaol to be used as both a police lockup and a district gaol. This meant that prisoners on both short and long term sentences were held together with those awaiting trial. It was part of a larger police reserve that encompassed barracks, conjoining the Gaol, stables and horse yards with offices and inspectors residence on the opposite side of Haig Street.</p><br>
<p>In a township dominated by timber and corrugated iron built form, the gaol is distinct as an early concrete structure. The gaol incorporates the distinctive use of iron railway rails in the construction of the walls and frames for the ceilings. This was incorporated as reinforcing device as well as using materials available due to the recent construction of the Normanton-Croydon railway. Praised by the Sheriff for accommodating the harsh climate of the Gulf, the concrete structure also deterred white ants that plagued timber buildings at this time. The ground floor construction of the building impeded potential breakout from the gaol experienced in the previous timber building where an inmate broke through the floor and escaped. The configuration of yards and cells isolated prisoners and separated those remanded from those carrying out longer sentencing.</p><br>
<p>As a district gaol, Normanton serviced Croydon, Georgetown, Cloncurry, and Burketown, encompassing the large district of Cook and Burke. The gaol was extended in 1895, as a result of overcrowding with as many as twenty four prisoners held in the original four cells. A further two cells were added, along with a new kitchen and a stockade fence around the perimeter. A seventh cell was added into the 1895 range in 1899. The superintendent of the prison was drawn from the resident police officers, and paid a supplementary stipend of £20 per annum. Similarly the local Protector of Aborigines, appointed after the enactment of the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, was drawn from Normanton&#39;s senior police ranks.</p><br>
<p>Trackers quarters are located in the eastern corner of the block and are a small two room weatherboard hut. Aboriginal trackers were retained by the police force to assist with the capture of errant prisoners and recalcitrants. They were also used to find lost children and were highly prized for their bushcraft skills. In addition to such duties, aboriginal trackers also acted as subordinate staff, attending to such jobs as stable hand, cleaner and handy man. The location and size of the hut are indicative of the hierarchy in police accommodation, with aboriginal peoples on the lowest position, in the smallest building with the least amenities. The trackers quarters is more akin to the cell blocks than to the accommodation for constables and inspectors.</p><br>
<p>After its closure as a gaol in 1945, it reverted to the police service and continued to be used as a watch house until late 1992. Recommendations arising from the 1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody saw the watch house fail to comply to Queensland Police Service operational requirements and it was subsequently closed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Normanton Gaol is located on a rectangular block bounded by Haig Street, and three residential blocks. It is a single-storeyed concrete and corrugated iron building with multiple entrance points, each indicating a cell or group of cells. The smaller tracker&#39;s quarters, a single storeyed timber and corrugated iron building is located in the north eastern corner of the block behind the gaol building.</p><br>
<p>The 1892 core of the building incorporates two large cells, each with an exercise yard and two smaller cells with a single L-shaped yard. Exercise yards are enclosed by concrete walls, three and a half metres in height. Each of the yards is separately entranced by iron doors with peep holes and large draw bolt locks. In each of the four 1892 cells, railway iron rails are imbedded horizontally in concrete piers between the top of the external walls and the ceiling, providing ventilation. The remand cell has railway iron rails spanning the room at the top of the walls spaced 25 centimetres apart, the ends being imbedded into the walls. The ceilings are lined with tongue and groove hardwood boards.</p><br>
<p>The 1895 extension, consisting of three cells adjoins the original exercise yard wall. A fourth cell was added to the 1895 range in 1899 and is of congruous design and form. Three of the cells are four metres by two metres, and are unadorned and without windows. The north eastern cell has a second doorway leading to the L shaped exercise yard. The south western cell is larger and has a set of louvred windows facing Haig Street. A shower block extension, including two bathrooms and open plan thoroughfare, was added to the western elevation of the building and is made of besser brick and open iron bars covered with security mesh.</p><br>
<p>The 1892 core has a hipped skillion roof, clad with galvanised iron. Small bull nose roofs extend from the main roof along the exercise yard walls. Earth closets, once located under these extensions, have been removed. Two ornate finials ventilate the roof and indicate the cell spaces. The 1895/99 addition has a pitched roof which was extended over the modern addition. Three smaller finials are located on the ridge of this roof.</p><br>
<p>The trackers&#39; quarters, located at the north eastern corner of the block, at the rear of the main building, is a simple single-storeyed weatherboard and corrugated iron structure. It has two single rooms, each with an entrance and exit door and a double hung sash window in each room. The hipped roof provides an awning for a covered porch area. A toilet and shower facility are located in this area.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Normanton Gaol was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton Gaol is a complex of two buildings, consisting of a single-storeyed concrete and corrugated iron cell block constructed between 1892 and 1899, and a small timber and corrugated iron building formerly used as the trackers&#39; quarters. The placement of the gaol in Normanton is indicative of governmental confidence in the growth in this area, in both mining and pastoral sectors and the need to provide for law and order in conjunction with the other services, such as port and Post and Telegraph facilities. The gaol building demonstrates the importance of Normanton as a central administrative hub for the Carpentaria region at a time of rapid economic growth.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare and intact example of a nineteenth century gaol used to service a remote regional area, once part of a broader network of prisons throughout Queensland administered under the Prisons Act 1890. As such it demonstrates the range of penal institutions developed within the network that included small cell blocks through to large complexes as can be seen at Boggo Road Gaol, Brisbane (Boggo Road Gaol). Gaols once featured in the urban landscapes of regional centres such as Roma, Toowoomba, Cooktown and Thursday Island, most of which no longer survive. The substantial concrete form of the gaol building demonstrates the distinction made between a lock up and a prison, illustrating attitude to prison construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The small two room trackers&#39; quarters, the only remaining building of a larger police reserve, demonstrates the hierarchal social structure attached to accommodation in the Queensland Police Service. It also demonstrates the use of indigenous peoples in the Queensland Police Service.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Normanton Gaol has association with the peoples of the Gulf region as a place of incarceration and punishment from the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The Jonas R. Shurtleff House is a historic house on United States Route 201 in Winslow, Maine. Built about 1850, it is a distinctive local example of vernacular Gothic Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jonas R. Shurtleff House is located in southern Winslow, on the west side US 201, a short way south of its junction with Maine State Route 137. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, vertical board siding, and a granite foundation. The main roof gable and side gables are adorned with bargeboard trim. The ground floor windows are topped by extended cornices supported by narrow paired brackets, while second-floor windows are topped by square-headed moulding. The main entrance is sheltered by a porch with latticework trim forming Gothic arches. Above the entrance is a three-part Palladian style window, and there is a triangular multilight window in the gable point above. The house&#39;s interior is decorated with modest Greek Revival trim.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime between 1850 and 1853 by Jonas Shurtleff, who had purchased the land in 1849. Its designer is not known; its more fanciful features, although borrowing in some ways from published materials on residential Gothic architecture, are largely vernacular. The house has been a local landmark and minor tourist attraction since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Greater Second Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. At the time of its nomination it contained 15 resources, which included 14 contributing buildings and one contributing site. It is located on the northeast side of the central business district. The commercial buildings located there are mostly architect designed, which gives each of them a unique appearance. At the same time, it is a cohesive collection of buildings that exhibit early 20th century styles that are not found anywhere else in Ottumwa. They were either built or they had a new facade added from 1903 to 1930. Contributing buildings includes the Benson Block, the Benson Building, the J.W. Garner Building, and the headquarters building of the local newspaper, the Ottumwa Courier. The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Mathias C. and Eva B. Crowell Fuhrman Farm is an agricultural historic district located north of Independence, Iowa, United States. At the time of its nomination it consisted of seven resources, which included three contributing buildings, two contributing sites, one non-contributing building, and one non-contributing structure. The significance of the district is attributed to its being a collection of farm related buildings that exemplify the changes in farming in the local area. The contributing buildings include the 1906 Queen Anne house, the 1901 frame barn with a gambrel roof, the 1920s corncrib, and the ruins of the 1920s hog house and a stable . The stable is believed to date from the original development of the farmstead. The metal machine shed and a silo are the non-contributing elements. Three generations of the Fuhrman family operated the farm until it was sold to Tom and Beth Greenley. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher-Plane Commercial Building is a historic building located in Independence, Iowa, United States. The central business district developed in Independence on the east side of the Wapsipinicon River. Fires in 1873 and 1874 destroyed the wooden buildings that were originally built there. They were replaced by brick and stone buildings, and the wooden sheds that accompanied the commercial buildings were eliminated. This two-story brick Italianate style building was one of the new buildings constructed in 1874. Its construction was attributed to George Netcott, Jr., an English native who owned the George Netcott Brick Yards. He is credited with building many of the brick buildings in the city. It features evenly spaced arched windows with cast metal hoods, and a prominent metal cornice. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Munson Building is a historic building located in Independence, Iowa, United States. The Late Victorian French Renaissance style building was built in 1893. The three-story brick structure is composed of two symmetrical units that form an asymmetrical structure. It has a four sided tower that is capped with a pointed tile roof and features decorative tin work. The building was named for Perry Munson, a local businessman who was a machinist and blacksmith by trade, who bequeathed $5,000 for its construction. The building housed a variety of programs geared toward the community&#39;s youth. They were trained in mechanical arts such as printing, drafting, and woodworking. It also housed the Y.M.C.A., public library, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and other community groups. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Normanton Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Burke Developmental Road, Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It was opened. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Normanton Cemetery has served the town and surrounding district since at least 1870. The cemetery, which is still in use, contains some unusual memorials and encapsulates information on the history of the area since settlement.</p><br>
<p>The first settlers in this area of north west Queensland were Liddle and Hertzer who selected Magowra Station in the 1860s. The settlement of Normanton was established in 1864 as a port and service centre for the surrounding pastoral ventures and was declared a town in 1868. In 1879 James Burns (later Burns Philp & Co) established a store there. Normanton, because of its location on the north coast of Australia, was utilised as a point of departure for goods and passengers destined for Europe, China, Asia and India. Wool, meat and later minerals were exported and the town was once suggested as the terminus of the proposed transcontinental rail line. With this suggestion, land prices in the town boomed with allotments selling for £200 in the early 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold in the Croydon district in 1885 and the subsequent demand for access to and from the port at Normanton saw the construction of the Normanton to Croydon Railway in 1891. By this time there were an estimated 2000 people in the town, which was a centre for government services. The Carpentaria Divisional Board office was the only brick building, but the town boasted a Police Court, Customs House, School of Arts, many hotels, two churches, a hospital and a school. Two newspapers were published bi-weekly and the town was connected to the outside world by the telegraph, a weekly steamer to the south and a train to Croydon three times a week in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The town did not develop as its early planners had hoped and when mineral prices fell and mining declined cattle were the main export by the First World War. Early in 1920 the steamer service was reduced to once in three weeks. Then Normanton was serviced from Thursday Island each month until the development of the beef road system in the 1960s. From this point, Normanton lost some of its isolation and commerce shifted to trade with the coastal towns of Queensland by road. With the reduction of the rural labour force, the town slowly declined until today there are 4200 people in the Carpentaria Shire including a substantial Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery, in operation since at least 1870, has continued to serve the community of Normanton and the Carpentaria Shire for one hundred and thirty years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Normanton Cemetery Reserve covers eight hectares of flat ground on the southern outskirts of the town. Wooden gates mark the entrance to the well-maintained cemetery. There are lawn plots to the right of the front gate while the oldest burials are to the rear of the reserve. A modern fence surrounds the whole cemetery with some white cedar trees on the fence line although there are very few trees within the boundary.</p><br>
<p>It is divided into several areas including early graves, an old Chinese section, and a section for various religious denominations and a newer lawn cemetery area. Most of the graves have remained undisturbed and some are from the time before the cemetery was officially gazetted. The burial register dates from 18 August 1887, but one of the earliest headstones dates from 24 January 1870. In all there are over 1000 names in the burial register and the cemetery is still being used.</p><br>
<p>There are a remarkable variety of memorials. They range from marble and sandstone to wrought iron bedsteads; from the very simple to the ornate, from very well preserved to mere traces. The Chinese section is of particular interest as evidence of the part played by Chinese people in the development of the area.</p><br>
<p>The headstones consist of many forms of slab that were possibly imported from east coast or southern Queensland. Some of the graves are still enclosed by wrought iron railings, which seem to be in good condition. Some have sheet galvanised iron around them while others have a galvanised metal shelter over the main part of the grave and some have small shelters for flowers. Most of the headstones are small, indicating the difficulty of transportation to the isolated north west of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Iron bedsteads bound many graves of small children; some with the testers to hold mosquito nets still attached. Some of these are further decorated with large seashells. One grave is outlined with large turbinate seashells, covered with small gravel and marked by a small burial marker.</p><br>
<p>There is one Commonwealth war grave of a Private of the Australian Volunteer Defence Corps of World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Normanton Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton Cemetery, in use from at least 1870, reflects the development of the region from that period to the present day.</p><br>
<p>The economic and social history of the district can be read through the inscriptions and type of material used in headstones. Nationality, health, social status, lodge affiliation, occupation, religion and cause of death are often included in the inscriptions. Family relationships can be noted and the high infant mortality and death in childbirth are often recorded. The large number of single graves is illustrative of the hardship and isolation of pioneering life in north west Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is an important record of the cultural development of the area, showing the ethnicity, occupations and social status of the inhabitants of Normanton and the Carpentaria Shire since settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is significant for its high spiritual and symbolic value to the community</p><br>
<p>because of its continuity of use as a burial place for the region for one hundred and thirty years.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp Building is a heritage-listed former warehouse at the corner of Landsborough Street and Caroline Street, Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It was built by Andrew Murphy. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp building in Normanton is located on the corner of Caroline and Landsborough streets (Burke Developmental Road), on a site close to the former town wharves and opposite the site of the former Customs House. This locality was strategically important for a store, because all goods and services were transported by boat along the Norman River. The large timber-framed and metal-clad warehouse-style building, built in 1884, occupies around one third of its 5,900 square metre allotment and is a dominant feature of the town, being visible from the air when flying into Normanton, and from the river when entering the town from the northern port of Karumba.</p><br>
<p>Normanton arose as the principal service town and port for the pastoral district of Burke, in lieu of Burketown, which was declared a port in 1864. The Burketown population was beset by a typhoid fever outbreak in 1866, leading to the abandonment of the settlement, and its relocation to Sweers Island, where a port was declared in March 1867. The search for an alternative port in the Gulf of Carpentaria led to the January 1867 exploration conducted by William Landsborough and Government Surveyor George Phillips. They chose a site for a township on the western bank of the river which they named the Norman, in honour of Captain William Henry Norman, the Commander of the HMVS Victoria, which had accompanied Landsborough&#39;s brig Firefly to the gulf in his earlier 1861 quest to find Burke and Wills. The town site was on an ironstone ridge, which was thought to be above flood and high tide levels. The Town of Norman was gazetted in August 1868, and became the most important centre in the Gulf, known as Normanton. Cattle stations throughout the area, from as far south as Cloncurry and Georgetown, procured their supplies from Normanton. Its importance was further entrenched with the opening of the overland telegraph line from Cardwell in January 1872, linking Normanton and Kimberley (now Karumba) to the main line between Brisbane and Townsville, which had been completed in 1869.</p><br>
<p>The Burns Philp Company evolved from the business that James Burns established in Townsville in 1873 from which he supplied goods to the mining towns of Charters Towers, Etheridge, Ravenswood, Hodgkinson and Palmer River. Burns suffered from recurring bouts of malaria, and was advised by doctors to move to Sydney. By October 1877 he had transferred his Townsville interests to Robert Philp,</p><br>
<p>who had been managing the store in his absence. Philp expanded the business, building new wharves and warehouses along Ross Creek. Burns began a new business based in Macquarie Place in Sydney, establishing a fleet of sailing vessels plying their trade between Sydney and Townsville, while Philp expanded his operation by establishing bases in Cairns and Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The growth of towns servicing the grazing and mining industries in the Gulf led to the development of the combined business and shipping interests of Burns and Philp in that area. By March 1879, James Burns was running the schooner Dawn between Thursday Island and Normanton. He established a store at Normanton in July 1879, serviced every two months by it and the Rover. This store was reputedly relocated from Burketown, being the former store of Robert Towns. Within two months of opening this store, Burns had received £2,000 worth of orders for goods to transport to graziers in the district. The manager of the store issued its own £1 and £5 notes for use as change, in an environment where "legal tender" was hard to come by. The notes were used in Normanton and Thursday Island for a period of around ten years between 1880 and 1890.</p><br>
<p>Burns initiated his monopolisation of trade in the Gulf, It had been a pioneering mercantile firm in Townsville and the Gulf, establishing a store in Normanton around 1871 and one in Burketown in 1879.</p><br>
<p>By January 1881, James Burns was operating the steamer Corea between Sydney and Normanton, sometimes calling in at Burketown. The steamship Truganini was purchased in June 1881 to run between Thursday Island and Normanton.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Corea, it soon became part of the fleet of the Queensland Steam Shipping Company, a London Corporation in which Burns and Philp jointly held £5,000 in shares. The deal also included ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company which had the mail contract from Britain, Singapore, and Batavia to Brisbane via Thursday Island and North Queensland ports. The Truganini operated the mail contract between Thursday Island and Normanton, which Burns had procured for £2,000 a year for three years. He further cemented his local monopoly by including clauses in the mail contracts, prioritising Burns and Philp cargo at cut rates. Burns then bought out the store of Theodore Amsden and Co. in Normanton, keeping Amsden on as manager. Also in mid-1881, Burns bought out a Thursday Island storekeeper, with Philp owning a share in that business as well.</p><br>
<p>In early 1883, the businesses of James Burns of Normanton and Sydney were amalgamated with that of Robert Philp of Townsville. Burns Philp & Company Limited was incorporated under New South Wales law with its registered office in Sydney. The nominal capital of the firm was £250,000, with 90% of the capital coming from Australian sources. The amalgamated company had assets in Sydney, Townsville, Normanton, Thursday Island, Cairns and Charters Towers, which included 22 vessels of all kinds, from ships to lighters, which were used to ferry goods and passengers from larger ships to the wharves. The company adopted a flag of red, white and blue, with a Scotch Thistle in the centre.</p><br>
<p>By September 1884, Burns Philp had taken over a number of small businesses in Burketown, and in October, builder Andrew Murphie was engaged in building a large warehouse for Burns Philp in Normanton which was claimed to be the company&#39;s largest in Queensland outside of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Normanton was thriving at that time. The foundation stone for the hospital, also built by Andrew Murphie, was laid on 1 December 1884; several new shops were under construction in the main street, including a large general store for JA Marshall and Company near the post and telegraph offices. Murphie successfully tendered for additions to the Post and Telegraph offices in December 1885.</p><br>
<p>Profits generated in Burns Philp&#39;s Normanton store in the 1884-5 and 1885-6 financial years were greater than that of Townsville. The Gulf stores of Normanton, Burketown and Thursday Island, were together far more profitable than the stores in the major towns of Townsville, Cairns and Charters Towers which at that time were managed by Philp. He was elected to Parliament in 1886 as the member for Musgrave, and from 1888 represented Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold at Croydon in 1885, soon led to further growth in Normanton, as it became the supply base for miners. At that time the government was proposing to build a railway linking the Cloncurry copper mines and Normanton. By the end of 1886, the population at Croydon had reached 2,000, so the decision was made to divert the railway construction to Croydon utilising the materials that had been already delivered to Normanton. Tenders were called in July 1887, and the Normanton to Croydon railway line to Croydon completed in July 1891 (now known as the Gulflander).</p><br>
<p>The rail line featured innovative steel sleepers, designed by George Phillips. Burns Philp was the shipping agent for the steel sleepers, manufactured in Glasgow and transported to Normanton. The growth of the Croydon goldfield provided wealth for Burns Philp during the somewhat brief time it operated.</p><br>
<p>Competition in local shipping activities led Burns Philp to form the Australian United Steam Navigation Company in 1887, which evolved from the Australasian Steam Navigation Company. It was in financial difficulties, because of fierce competition from the largely Burns Philp-owned Queensland Steam Shipping Company.</p><br>
<p>The new company, the Carpentaria Lighterage Company was registered in Brisbane in December 1900. Burns Philp also had a shipping agreement with Howard Smith and Sons Ltd for the operation of a Queensland service, terminating in Normanton, commencing on 1 January 1891, with Burns Philp holding dual agencies at the far northern ports. The lease for the municipal wharf at Normanton which had been held by Theodore Amsden was transferred to Burns Philp in April 1891.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp became known as the "octopus of the North" because of its extensive business interests.</p><br>
<p>From late 1889 until about 1895, there was a depression in Queensland. North Queensland suffered especially, due to a significant downturn in sugar production, and a drought, which peaked in 1889. This had a severe impact on the regional mining industry because the crushing mills needed water. Charters Towers and Croydon were affected and this had a flow-on effect for Burns Philp. Robert Philp had speculated on mining and real estate and had to sell his company shares and resign from the Board in 1893. It suffered a substantial decline in profitability, which in 1893 James Burns blamed on "insane overstocking of Normanton five years ago" with mining supplies. The cast iron gutter coves on the kerb were not tendered for at this time, and presumably were added later, reportedly manufactured at the Croydon foundry, operated by Messer&#39;s Stuart and Mackenzie between 1891 and 1912.</p><br>
<p>The fading fortunes of the Croydon gold mines in the early twentieth century had significant impact on the economy of Normanton, as did the construction of a railway between Townsville and the copper mines of Cloncurry in 1908. This settlement had been previously served by Normanton, and despite the best efforts of a former Burns Philp Normanton manager, and now Member of Parliament, James Forsyth, to build the Cloncurry to Normanton railway, it did not proceed. By 1920 the Carpentaria Lighterage Company withdrew from the Gulf trade and two lighters, the Atlas and Hercules were sold to the Shire Councils of Normanton and Burketown. The Lighterage Company was liquidated in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp as a company had expanded its interests and its ports of call. By 1914, apart from the Sydney and London offices, there were 23 branches; 13 in Australia, three in the Solomon Islands, two in Papua, two in Java and one each in the New Hebrides, Tonga, Samoa and New Zealand. There were also sub-branches in Fiji and the Gilbert Islands, as well as a pearling fleet in the Torres Strait. Between 1890 and 1910 all the companys existing timber and iron buildings were replaced, with the exception of Normanton. The only extant buildings from this rebuilding exercise in Queensland are the Charters Towers store, built in 1891 and later incorporated into the adjoining store, now known as Bartlams Store (Bartlams Store) and the 1895 Burns Philp Building in Townsville. The only other known Burns Philp building remaining in Australia is the Sydney office in Bridge Street, built between 1899 and 1900. Burns Philp chroniclers Buckley and Klugman described the unaltered Normanton store as: "fossilised in a stagnant community...an example of an old kind of structure supplying a wide range of goods to a motley collection of isolated people" no longer typical of Burns Philps operations in Australia by 1914; but the company still ran such stores at overseas branches.</p><br>
<p>Despite this critique, the manager of the Normanton store was able to increase the profits during 1914-15, by marking-up the prices of existing stocks in anticipation of wartime shortages. However, by 1923-24, the Normanton branch recorded a loss of over £2,000. During the 1930s, Burns Philp interests included copra plantations in Java and New Guinea, goldmining in New Guinea, and the establishment of retail stores, including the Penneys chain across Queensland and northern New South Wales (taken over by Coles in the post-war era).</p><br>
<p>Despite the Depression, profits were still realised.ref name=qhr/&gt</p><br>
<p>While passenger services had always been part of the company&#39;s business as a means of supporting the cargo trade, James Burns realised the tourism potential of the South Pacific while he was in Java securing the importation of copra in 1908. The Burns Philp Tour and Travel Department was established soon after, and the company published the Picturesque Travel magazine from 1911 promoting travel destinations world wide. The Winton-based company which had formed in 1920 established a mail route from Charleville to Cloncurry in 1925, which was extended to Camooweal in 1925 and to Normanton by 1927. The inaugural run to Normanton was piloted by one of the company founders Hudson Fysh.</p><br>
<p>The first paying passengers on the mail run arrived in Normanton on 17 April 1929 after a fifty-one hour flight over three days. Burns Philp travel manager Mr Harman promoted the town as a sportsman&#39;s paradise, rich in wild fowl and alligators, fifty pound barramundi, groper, diamond fish and swordfish, with well priced accommodation available at the local hotels. Air transport became an integral part of business in the Gulf, even improving the local fishing industry, allowing fish caught at Normanton in the morning, to be sold at Longreach the same evening. By 1930, winter trips to Normanton were being promoted by Burns Philp travel office in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1940s the population of Normanton had declined to 234. The development of the prawn fishing industry at Karumba during the 1950s led to its population increasing into the 1970s, as it became the centre of the Gulf fishing industry. The prawn and barramundi fishing industries generated around $130 million in 2010. Tourism and amateur fishing are also major industries in the region.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp and Company continued to expand and remained a blue-chip mainstay of the Australian Stock Exchange throughout the 20th century, and by the 1980s it was an international empire of more than 200 companies involved in a range of industries from toy manufacture, perfume production, pharmaceuticals, car sales and the BBC hardware chain. It had been involved in insurance and banking, backing the formation of the North Queensland Insurance Company, which later grew into QBE.</p><br>
<p>Both Burns and Philp had served in the parliaments of Queensland and New South Wales. Robert Philp was Premier of Queensland between 1899 and 1903 and again from 1907 to 1908. He had entered parliament in 1886, managing various portfolios up until 1908 before moving to the back bench, and his retirement in 1915. He was knighted that year.</p><br>
<p>Following the exit of the last family member from the management board in 1984, the new CEO began rationalising the smaller companies and consolidated the hardware and food ingredient businesses. It acquired Goodman Fielder in 2003, extending the company&#39;s operations across 30 countries. However, Burns Philp was deregistered on the stock exchange in December 2006 following a disastrous attempt at controlling the world yeast and spice market. Despite the folding of the company it was inducted into the inaugural Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame in September 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton property was sold to the Delta Pastoral Company Pty Ltd in July 1983. It was further transferred to Normanton Mai Aboriginal Corporation in May 1985, when it was renamed Normanton Traders. It was again transferred in 1987 and 1999, but continued to operate as a general store. The Carpentaria Shire Council acquired the property in mid-2000.</p><br>
<p>The structure comprises three gabled sections, each divided by walls, running parallel to Caroline Street. Former employee Robyn Merrin, who worked in the store from 1978–86, stated that the first section along Caroline Street was dedicated to sales, the second and third sections for the stocking of goods, with the back section devoted to produce such as hay, feed and molasses and some farm machinery. In October 2008, the section of the building along Caroline Street opened as a tourist information centre and library. The central section included some interpretation panels, and was used for storage. The northernmost section remains vacant and has been used for local social events. The concrete block toilet facilities at the rear of the building in Caroline Street and the additions to the strong room have been more recently constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp building, situated on the north-eastern edge of the town of Normanton at the corner of Landsborough (Burke Development Road) and Caroline Streets, is highly visible from the northern approach to the town and positioned in close proximity to the Norman River. The building aligns with both street frontages, occupying the southern corner of its large site, providing it with a generous open area to the north-east and river, where loading platforms are located.</p><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp building is a large timber-framed structure elevated on masonry and timber stumps and clad in vertically fixed corrugated iron sheeting. Behind a distinctive curved triple-fronted parapet facing south-east to Landsborough Street, the building is divided into three bays of varying width, each with a gabled roof and valley gutters running the length of the building. Two roof ventilators are positioned along the ridge of the middle bay. A timber-framed corrugated iron clad awning with ogee eaves gutter supported on posts (one early timber post survives) extends over each footpath. Two entrances are located on Caroline Street accessed by stairs and a connecting ramp. The kerbing to both streets is made from local stone and cast iron gutter covers inscribed with the words "Normanton Municipal Council" span the channel between the asphalt concrete road surface and concrete path to the footpath.</p><br>
<p>On the south-eastern elevation to Landsborough Street, the decorative parapet is lined with flat metal sheeting with the words "BURNS PHILP & Co LTD" painted to follow the upper curves of the parapet above the words "GENERAL MERCHANTS, SHIPPING, FORWARDING AND COMMISSION AGENTS". Below the awning, the three bays are distinguished by different openings. The south-western bay (Bay 1), has two large curved arch windows with half round mullions and the southern window has the remnants of the words CADBURY&#39;S COCOA painted on the upper sash. Security grills secure both windows. Between the windows, fixed glazing, with a pair of tall centre pivoting fanlights above, has replaced a pair of doors and has a recent security grill fixed over the lower section of the opening. The centre bay (Bay 2) has three double hung windows, with two light sashes, mesh head vents and security grills, separated by a four panel door with fanlight over. A recently installed steel-framed panel of steel mesh has been fixed over the door. Centred in the north-eastern bay (Bay 3) is a large ledged and braced sliding door. There is no apparent evidence of stairs, providing access to any of the doors along the Landsborough Street elevation, which are located approximately one metre above ground level.</p><br>
<p>The south-western elevation to Caroline Street comprises four double hung windows with two light sashes, mesh head vents and grills similar to those on the south-eastern elevation. Vertical louvred metal vents are located at floor level below each window. Two pairs of four panel doors with fanlights separate the windows and provide entry to the building.</p><br>
<p>On the triple gabled north-western elevation all openings are protected by timber framed corrugated clad awnings and each apex houses a pair of centre pivoting sashes: two light sashes to Bay 1 and four light sashes to Bays 2 and 3. Bay 1 comprises a central pair of doors with tall centre pivoting fanlights above, between two double hung windows, covered by an awning supported on steel posts which provides protection for the air conditioning units positioned against the wall. Bay 2 comprises a row of three pairs of centre pivoting sashes above a large awning supported on four timber posts. Under the awning, a single four panel door and three small windows to the toilets are separated by a pair of four panel doors (with centre pivoting fanlights over) accessed by a set of stairs. Bay 3 contains a large, central, sliding ledged and braced door with a braced and ledged door adjacent to the north.</p><br>
<p>Along the north-eastern elevation there are two large ledged and braced sliding doors, one opening onto a loading ramp and a double hung window with six-light sashes at the northern end.</p><br>
<p>The interior of each bay varies in finish and the use of a variety of early linings suggests second hand materials, perhaps from the earlier store, may have been used in Bays 1 and 2. Arched openings between the bays provide transverse access from the Caroline Street entrance doors in Bay 1 to the large sliding doors in Bay 3. The openings between Bays 1 and 2 are in-filled with later doors and fixed panels.</p><br>
<p>Bay 1 is currently used as a tourist information centre and library. The south-eastern wall of the information centre has exposed framing lined externally with wide chamferboards (behind the corrugated iron to the facade). The remaining walls are lined with flat sheeting except for a section of the north-east wall where the horizontal tongue and groove board lining has been left exposed. A ceiling of tongue and groove boards is fixed between the bottom chord of the trusses with a section of double beaded boarding over the entrance to the middle bay. The library walls and ceiling are lined with flat sheeting and the timber floor throughout is lined with carpet. There are two later offices in the library that are not of cultural significance, one in the western corner and one in the eastern corner which has a raised floor level.</p><br>
<p>Bay 2 has unfinished timber floors, unpainted timber wall linings except around the arched door openings, and king post trusses that have a painted finish. Small areas of acrylic roof sheeting provide natural light. Some early shelving survives at the south-eastern end along with unpainted vertical beaded tongue and groove boards. On the south-western wall (west of the door way from the information centre), a small section of wall is lined internally with horizontal beaded boards. The remainder of the south-western and north-eastern walls are lined on the outside only with horizontal beaded tongue and groove boards except for a section of chamferboard lining at the western end of the south-western wall. The north-western wall is lined with wide, unpainted, vertical beaded tongue and groove boards. Toilets and a kitchen area of more recent construction are located in the south- western corner of this bay and have no cultural significance.</p><br>
<p>Bay 3 is an open space with no fixtures. The king post trusses are unpainted and the timber floor has been lined with hardboard. The north-western, north-eastern and south-eastern walls are unlined and the horizontal beaded boarding to the south-western wall is unpainted.</p><br>
<p>In the grounds at the rear of the building behind Bay 3 is a detached rendered masonry strong room with a heavy metal door and a curved concrete roof clad in corrugated sheet metal surmounted by a roof ventilator. Later additions sheeted in asbestos cement planking and metal cladding with skillion roofs abut the north-western and north-eastern walls of the strong room. To the west of the strong room, a toilet block constructed of concrete blocks with skillion roof is located behind Bay 1. The additions to the strong room and the toilet block are not of cultural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Burns Philp Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1884, the Burns Philp Building in Normanton is important as the oldest surviving store of the company which dominated shipping and mercantile trading in Australia and the South Pacific from the late 19th century to the late 20th century. Its construction and success in generating a greater income for Burns Philp than the larger centre of Townsville in the mid-1880s, is indicative of Normanton&#39;s regional importance as the major port in the Gulf at that time, servicing the mining and grazing industries.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Normanton store of Burns Philp is a rare surviving example, and the oldest of the companys nineteenth century structures in Queensland which included those in Brisbane, Townsville, Cairns, Bowen, Charters Towers, Burketown, Cooktown and Thursday Island. This building was left untouched by a major rebuilding exercise undertaken by Burns Philp at all of its Australian mainland stores between 1890 and 1910, and therefore it operated continuously as a general mercantile store and agency office for more than 120 years. Only Charters Towers, built 1891 (Bartlams Store) and Townsville built 1895 (Burns Philp Building, Townsville) remain.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Burns Philp Buildingis an excellent and rare example of an early store which provided goods and services to a geographically diverse community for a period of more than 120 years. The building with its decorative parapet is highly intact and demonstrates its function through the layout of spaces, including the retention of interior shelving and its detached strong room, as well as through the loading access points at the sides and rear with door openings at truck bed height. Its prominent location the main streets highest point, close to the former town wharves, was strategically important to the success of the companys business both locally and within Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the earliest surviving store of Burns Philp and Company, constructed shortly after its formation, the building has a special association with its founders, the pioneering businessmen Sir James Burns and Sir Robert Philp. The company became one of the largest mercantile providers in Australia and the South Pacific, known as the "Octopus of the North" by the 1890s, and during the 20th century was involved in shipping, travel, retail stores, car sales, hardware, pharmaceuticals, perfume manufacture and insurance.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp and Company was inducted into the inaugural Queensland Business Leaders&#39; Hall of Fame in September 2009, in recognition of its significant contribution into the economic success of Queensland and Australia.</p><br>
<p>Revaltoppe is one of the highest mountains in Queen Louise Land, NE Greenland. The peak is located in the King Frederick VIII Land area of northeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>This peak was named after Reval, an old Nordic name for the capital of Estonia, where the Dannebrog is said to have dropped from the sky during a battle between the Danes and the Estonians in 1219.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Revaltoppe is the highest peak in a group of nunataks to the west of Dannebrogsfjeldene, at the southwestern end of Queen Louise Land (Dronning Louise Land). The nunatak group was named Reval Toppene or Revaltoppene by J.P. Koch’s 1912–13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land.</p><br>
<p>Revaltoppe is a 2,317.5 m peak. This mountain is marked as a 7,999 ft peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts.</p><br>
<p>Gefiontinde  is the highest mountain in Queen Louise Land , NE Greenland. The peak is located in the King Frederick VIII Land area of northeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>This peak was named after Gefion, the virgin sister of Danish deities who is said to have ploughed the whole Danish island of Zealand (Sjælland) in one night.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Gefiontinde is the highest peak in a group of peaks named Gefions Tinder or Gefiontinder at the southwestern end of Queen Louise Land, between Pony Glacier and Budolfi Isstrøm. The nunatak group was named Gefions Tinder or Gefiontinder by the 1912–13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land led by J.P. Koch.</p><br>
<p>Gefiontinde is a 2,364.3 m peak. This mountain is marked as a 8,799 ft peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts.</p><br>
<p>The Woolwich Town House is a historic government building at Old Stage and Dana Mills Roads in Woolwich, Maine. Built in 1837 with federal government surplus funds, it is a well-preserved early 19th-century town meeting house with basically vernacular style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Woolwich Town House stands in the central part of rural Woolwich, at the northwest corner of Old Stage Road and Dana Mills Road. It is a rectangular single-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboarded exterior, and granite foundation. Its main facade faces south toward Old Stage Road, is five bays wide, with entrances in the outer bays and sash windows in the center three bays. The center window is raised above the others, and the entrances are framed with simple Doric pilasters rising to an entablatured lintel. Similar sash windows are also used on the building sides. The interior retains well-preserved original period features.</p><br>
<p>The town house was built in 1837 by William D. Leonard, a local builder. It was funded by the town&#39;s portion of a federal government surplus, whose distribution to the states had been authorized by Congress in 1836. Maine had decided to distribute its share of the surplus to its incorporated communities by population, and the town of Woolwich voted to spend its share for the construction of this house. It is still owned and maintained by the town.</p><br>
<p>The Thomson Icehouse is a historic ice harvesting facility on Maine State Route 129 in South Bristol, Maine. The site has been used for ice harvesting since 1826, and is now a museum, annually using traditional means to harvest and store ice from adjacent Thompson Pond. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is believed to be the only active ice harvesting operation in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thompson Ice House stands on the east side of SR 129, just south of its junction with McFarlands Cove Road. It is set between the road and Thompsons Pond, a 3 acre freshwater pond. The ice house is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled main section flanked on its long sides by shed-roof ells. Its exterior walls are unpainted horizontal pine boards, and its interior walls are separated from the outside by a nine inch gap filled with sawdust for insulation. Large doors on the east and west sides facilitate the movement of large ice cakes into and out of the building. The east (pond-facing) side has a channel which could be used to float the ice cakes into the building and onto conveyors that would move it into the storage area that occupies most of the building.</p><br>
<p>Although the construction date of the present building is unknown, ice harvesting is known to have been an active business here since 1826, when Asa Thompson began cutting ice from the pond. Ice harvesting was a significant business in Maine during the 19th century, eventually going out of favor with the advent of refrigeration technologies in the 1890s. The business was maintained by successive generations of Thompsons until 1985. In 1987, Herbert Thompson donated the property to a local non-profit, with the proviso that it continue to be operated in the traditional manner as a museum property.</p><br>
<p>East Washington Street Historic District is a national historic district located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It encompasses 71 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of South Bend. It developed between about 1880 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Colonial Revival, American Foursquare, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture and works by architects Austin & Shambleau. Notable buildings include the James and Marie Zimmerman House , Eger House , George and Emma Hewitt House , Ruth and Edwin H. Sommerer House , Chauncey T. Fassett House , Dougdale Carriage Barn , and Sunnyside Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>West Washington Historic District is a national historic district located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It encompasses 330 contributing buildings in an upper class residential section of South Bend. It developed between about 1854 and 1910, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Morey-Lampert House, Oliver Mansion  designed by Lamb and Rich, Second St. Joseph County Courthouse, South Bend Remedy Company Building, and Tippecanoe Place. Other notable buildings include the Bartlett House , Birdsell House , DeRhodes House  designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, Holley House , Kaiser-Schmidt House , Listenberger-Nemeth House , OBrien House , Oren House , The Peoples Church , St. Hedwigs Church , St. Patricks Church , St. Pauls Memorial United Methodist Church , West House , and a rwo of workers house .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Weins Commercial Building is a historic building located in Independence, Iowa, United States. The central business district developed in Independence on the east side of the Wapsipinicon River along First Avenue. Fires in 1873 and 1874 destroyed the wooden buildings that were originally built there. They were replaced by brick and stone buildings, and the wooden sheds that accompanied the commercial buildings were eliminated. This two-story brick Romanesque Revival style building was part of a second wave of new commercial construction in Independence, this time away from First Avenue. Built in 1892, it features patterned brick work ornamentation, round-arch windows, and rusticated limestone and brick courses that emphasize the divisions of the interior. Most of the commercial buildings in Independence were built in the Italianate style, so the use of the Romanesque Revival for this building makes it unique. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Muessel-Drewry Brewery, also known as Omniplex, is a historic brewery complex and national historic district located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It encompasses seven contributing buildings and two contributing structures. It developed between about 1865 and 1949, and consists of a set of red brick industrial buildings. The buildings are associated with the Drewrys, a Canadian brewing company. The complex includes the office / brewery buildings, keg storage and washing buildings, bottling works / warehouseing / shipping buildings, 1930s warehouse, mechanics building, an earlier bottling works / spent grain drying building, a small brick building a single grain silo, and three contiguous grain silos. The brewery closed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
